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@inproceedings{Girardin:2007fk,
	Address = {New York, NY, USA},
	Author = {Fabien Girardin},
	Booktitle = {CHI '07: CHI '07 extended abstracts on Human factors in computing systems},
	Date-Added = {2007-08-20 00:41:58 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-08-20 00:42:06 +0200},
	Doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1240866.1240875},
	Isbn = {978-1-59593-642-4},
	Location = {San Jose, CA, USA},
	Pages = {1653--1656},
	Publisher = {ACM Press},
	Title = {Bridging the social-technical gap in location-aware computing},
	Year = {2007}}

@conference{Girardin:2007uq,
	Author = {F. Girardin and F. Dal Fiore and J. Blat and C. Ratti},
	Booktitle = {The 4th International Symposium on LBS & TeleCartography},
	Date-Added = {2007-08-02 10:19:02 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-08-02 10:24:30 +0200},
	Month = {November},
	Title = {Understanding of Tourist Dynamics from Explicitly Disclosed Location Information},
	Year = {2007}}

@article{Girardin:2007fk,
	Abstract = {Urban computing generally encompasses the study of people experiencing the city with technologies. Our approach is to benefit from people's experience of these services, to gain a more thorough understanding of urban environments. In the recent years, the large deployment of mobile devices led to a massive increase in the volume of records of where people have been and when they were there. The analysis of the accumulated archives of such spatio-temporal data can derive highlevel human behavior such as the estimation of mobility mode. Evidently, urban planers, traffic engineers, tourism authorities could profit from the pervasive deployment of new technologies to increase the understanding of how people and crowds explicitly consume space.

So far the investigation of spatio-temporal patterns of people [1, 2, 3] mainly rendered a quantitative understanding of the city. In our study, we intend to leverage implicit spatio-temporal data (i.e. latitude, longitude and timestamp) with the richness of people-generated information. Our approach is to consider that uploading, tagging and disclosing the location of a photo can be interpreted as an act of communication rather than a pure implicit history of physical presence. For this purpose, we retrieved from Flickr , large amounts of photo taken by thousands of users in the world's most photographed cities. Based on the time, explicit location and people's description of their photos, we design geovisualizations. They reveal patterns of tourists and citizens consuming a city, such as the flow of people between city attractions (Figure 1), the monuments areas of influence or what is happening with day/night and working/weekend periodicity. As a result, we are evaluating the potential of using people-generated geotagged information to contribute urban understanding.},
	Author = {F. Girardin and Nicola Nova and Josep Blat},
	Date-Added = {2007-08-02 10:12:10 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-08-02 10:22:12 +0200},
	Journal = {IEEE Pervasive Computing},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {55},
	Title = {Tracing the Visitor's Eye: Using Explicitly Disclosed Location Information for Urban Analysis},
	Volume = {6},
	Year = {2007}}

@techreport{Persson:2002ee,
	Author = {P. Persson and P. Fagerberg},
	Date-Added = {2007-07-30 18:51:21 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-07-30 18:52:56 +0200},
	Institution = {(T2002:27) Stockholm, SICS},
	Title = {GeoNotes: a real-use study of a public location-aware community system},
	Year = {2002}}

@inproceedings{Fiege:2003fe,
	Author = {L. Fiege and A. Zeidler and F. C. G{\"a}rtner and S. B. Handurukande},
	Booktitle = {Middleware Workshops},
	Date-Added = {2007-07-30 18:30:38 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-07-30 18:32:51 +0200},
	Pages = {60-67},
	Title = {Dealing with uncertainty in mobile publish/subscribe middleware},
	Year = {2003}}

@inproceedings{Erickson:1999oz,
	Author = {Thomas Erickson and David N. Smith and Wendy A. Kellogg and Mark Laff and John T. Richards and Erin Bradner},
	Bibsource = {DBLP, http://dblp.uni-trier.de},
	Booktitle = {CHI},
	Date-Added = {2007-07-30 18:28:59 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-07-30 18:29:33 +0200},
	Ee = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/302979.302997},
	Pages = {72-79},
	Title = {Socially Translucent Systems: Social Proxies, Persistent
 Conversation, and the Design of ``Babble''.},
	Year = {1999}}

@article{Arminen:2005yq,
	Abstract = {Location appears to be one of the most important aspects of context in mobile communication. It is a complex piece of information involving several levels of detail. Location intertwines with other relevant aspects of context: the parties' present activity, relative time and identities. The analysis of mobile conversations provides insights into the functions of ``location'' for mobile users. Most mobile calls involve a sequence in which location is reported. Location is made relevant by the parties' activities. Location telling takes place in five different activity contexts during mobile calls. Location may be an index of interactional availability, a precursor for mutual activity, part of an ongoing activity, or it may bear emergent relevance for the activity or be presented as a social fact. Typically, joint activities make relevant spatio-temporal location such as distance in minutes from the meeting point via the vehicle used. For users, location does not appear to be relevant in purely geographical terms.},
	Annote = {This article addresses a topic close to my PhD research: the importance of location awareness in (mobile) communication. Prior to studying the importance of location-based services (especially when it comes to buddy finder or granny locators), the author put the emphasis on the understanding of this peculiar feature: the discussion about one's location over the phone.

To understand the dynamic nature of location, we have to study the actual communicative practices in which location gains its value. ({\ldots}) Weilenmann has studied particularly the ways in which location references are used to signal communication difficulties: ``I can't talk now, I'm in a fitting room'' ({\ldots}) Laurier, for his part, has
shown how mobile professionals routinely stated their locations on a mobile phone as a part of their mobile usage. Both these studies on actual communicative practices point out how the value of location is embedded in the activity in which the mobile user is engaged.
({\ldots})
74 Finnish mobile phone conversations were recorded ({\ldots}) The material covered both mobile-to-mobile and landline-to-mobile or mobile-to-landline conversations ({\ldots}) The calls were transcribed and analysed in detail by using conversation analytical (CA) method.
({\ldots})
The usage of mobile communication device does not technically require the parties to get to know where the other party is. ({\ldots}) 62 mobile calls out of 74 involved a sequence in which the mobile party stated her or his location to the other party

As for the context of this question, the author found that:

Location telling during mobile calls takes place in five different activity contexts. In other words, location seems relevant for the parties in mobile interaction during five different types of activities. ({\ldots}) Location may be an index of interactional availability, a precursor for mutual activity, part of an ongoing activity, or it may
bear emergent relevance for the activity or be presented as a social fact. ({\ldots}) Most location-telling sequences in these data are linked with practical arrangements. People state their location as a precursor for some practical arrangements ({\ldots}) Location telling is also commonly done as a part of the real-time ongoing activity in which the parties are engaged. ({\ldots}) Location can also be a mutual real-time co-ordination task, such as seeing each other in the cafeteria to meet there ({\ldots}) Finally, a kind of location that is also realized during the ongoing activities is a virtual location referring to a web page or other material at hand to be shared with the communicative partner. ({\ldots}) A not common, but existing, social practice involves location telling due to its social, symbolic qualities [exemple: beach which signify `having fun']

Now, for the social functions of discussing locations:

Location may be an index of interactional availability, a precursor for mutual activity, part of an ongoing activity, or it may bear emergent relevance for the activity or be presented as a social fact.
({\ldots})
International availability: audio-physical and social features of proximal location: noise (disco), network availability, (train, remote areas), involvement with proximal interaction, intimacy of situation (toilet, etc.)
({\ldots})
Praxiological -- spatio-temporal availability: readiness to engage in action
(Are you doing anything special? Can you come to x?)
-- spatio-temporal location of a party vis-a`-vis the engaged activity: temporal distance
(half an hour [by car, by train, on foot, etc.]
-- real-time perspicuous location in an ongoing action: visibility (I'm at x where are you), real-time location (I just saw a reindeer by the road, beware---[told to the car driving behind])
-- instructable location: spatialized requests (I'm/accident at the crossroads of A and B, etc.)
-- proximate praxiological location: microco-ordination of activity (I'm feeling his pulse, the wound stretches from elbow to breast, etc.)
-- virtual location (I'm on the web page x)
({\ldots})
Socioemotional -- socio-emotional significance of location: biographical relevance (I'm at the cottage of x/my friend, I'm driving car with x), cultural significance (I'm visiting x (old church, museum, medieval city, etc.), aesthetic significance (it's very scenic here)

Why do I blog this? this kind of study is of tremendous relevance to my phd research since I address the effects of location-awareness on collaboration processes: communication, coordination, division of labor, mutual modeling{\ldots} What the author described here is very interesting, it's one of the seldom resource about this fact (along with Marc Relieu, Laurier (and there too, plus this one by Weilenmann).

However, the results from our field experiment with CatchBob makes me bit skeptical about the authors' conclusion; when it comes to the implications of this study to LBS, he says ``Location awareness that would also indicate the user's estimated temporal distance from the destination would have a wide applicability for a majority of mobile users. A simple and usable technical solution would immediately meet the end users' needs``. The reason why I am skeptical is that automating location-awareness can sometimes leads to putting the emphasis on an information (others' location versus others' availability, intentions{\ldots}) that might be not relevant for the time being. Another problem is the kind of location that should be automated and made relevant for other parties (place? country? lat/long? {\ldots}).},
	Author = {I. Arminen},
	Date-Added = {2007-07-30 18:03:02 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-08-21 10:58:44 +0200},
	Journal = {Personal and Ubiquitous Computing.},
	Keywords = {location-awareness, mobile phone, location disclosure},
	Title = {Social Functions of Location in Mobile Telephony},
	Year = {2005}}

@inproceedings{Jack-S.-Breese-and-David-Heckerman-and-David-Hovel-and-Koos-Rommelse:1998ij,
	Author = {Eric Horvitz and
 Jack S. Breese and
 David Heckerman and
 David Hovel and
 Koos Rommelse},
	Bibsource = {DBLP, http://dblp.uni-trier.de},
	Booktitle = {UAI},
	Crossref = {DBLP:conf/uai/1998},
	Date-Added = {2007-07-30 17:31:23 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-07-30 18:16:41 +0200},
	Ee = {http://rome.exp.sis.pitt.edu/UAI/Abstract.asp?articleID=255{\&}proceedingID=14},
	Pages = {256-265},
	Title = {The Lumi{\`e}re Project: Bayesian User Modeling for Inferring
 the Goals and Needs of Software Users.},
	Year = {1998}}

@phdthesis{Reichenbacher:2004uq,
	Author = {T. Reichenbacher},
	Date-Added = {2007-07-30 17:14:00 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-07-30 17:15:30 +0200},
	School = {Technischen Universit{\"a}t M{\"u}nchen},
	Title = {Mobile Cartography -- Adaptive Visualisation of Geographic Information on Mobile Devices},
	Year = {2004}}

@inproceedings{Morrison:2007jw,
	Author = {Alistair Morrison and Paul Tennent and John Williamson and Matthew Chalmers},
	Bibsource = {DBLP, http://dblp.uni-trier.de},
	Booktitle = {Pervasive},
	Crossref = {DBLP:conf/pervasive/2007},
	Date-Added = {2007-07-29 23:54:24 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-07-30 18:48:33 +0200},
	Ee = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-72037-9_7},
	Pages = {109-126},
	Title = {Using Location, Bearing and Motion Data to Filter Video and System Logs.},
	Year = {2007}}

@inproceedings{goodman2004,
	Abstract = {This paper discusses the experimental evaluation of location-based services, such as mobile guides, in the field. It identifies advantages and disadvantages of using such field experiments over and against other evaluation methods. We then describe a specific method of running field experiments that we have found to be useful. The use of various evaluation measures, tools and scales is then discussed, based on our experiences with them. These include timings, errors, perceived workload, distance travelled and percentage preferred walking speed (PPWS).},
	Address = {Glasgow, UK},
	Annote = {A very smart paper that set the concept of 'field experiment'. It's closely related to the notion of ``quasi-experiment'' developed by T.D. Cook, D.T. Campbell, Quasi-Experimentation: Design and Analysis Issues in Field Settings, Rand McNally, Chicago, 1979. I liked the table that explains  the measure/what does it tell us/how is it measured.

Field experiments are quantitative experimental evaluations that are carried out in the field, drawing from aspects of both qualitative field studies and lab experiments. To start with, field experiments have advantages over expert evaluations (such as heuristic evaluations and checklists) because they involve real users. This is particularly important when studying novel, variable and less understood situations, such as those involved in mobile devices. Secondly, there are various reasons for preferring field situations to laboratory settings. Principally, the difference between use in a laboratory setting, even when mobile conditions are simulated, and use in the real world can be quite startling. This is particularly true for devices such as mobile guides that rely heavily on the surrounding environment. Aspects such as lighting levels, weather, the effects of walking, the appearance of landmarks in real life and the effectiveness of location-sensing systems can have unpredictable effects on the usability and effectiveness of a device. The only way to really see how the device will work in practice is to use it in practice. In addition, field experiments have various advantages over more qualitative and ethnographic field studies. Although such field studies do have some advantages, it can be hard to use them to obtain an objective evaluation of a device, determine its performance or gain hard evidence comparing one device or method with another. Field experiments offer one way to overcome these disadvantages while still utilizing the advantages of a field setting. They are also quicker than carrying out a fullblown ethnographic field study and can gauge the responses of a greater number of participants.},
	Author = {J.Goodman and S.Brewster and P.Gray},
	Booktitle = {HCI in Mobile Guides, workshop at Mobile HCI 2004},
	Date-Added = {2007-07-29 23:51:21 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-07-29 23:51:21 +0200},
	Editor = {Schmidt-Belz, B. and Cheverst, K.},
	Keywords = {mobile computing, evaluation, field experiment},
	Month = {September},
	Title = {Using Field Experiments to Evaluate Mobile Guides},
	Url = {http://www.dcs.gla.ac.uk/~joy/research/2004_mobile_guides/paper.pdf},
	Year = {2004}}

@inproceedings{J.Kjeldskov:2004pd,
	Abstract = {Evaluating the usability of mobile systems raises new concerns and questions, challenging methods for both lab and field evaluations. A recent literature study showed that most mobile HCI research projects apply lab-based evaluations. Nevertheless, several researchers argue in favour of field evaluations as mobile systems are highly context-dependent. However, field-based usability studies are difficult to conduct, time consuming and the added value is unknown. Contributing to this discussion, this paper compares the results produced by a laboratory- and a field-based evaluation of the same context-aware mobile system on their ability to identify usability problems. Six test subjects used the mobile system in a laboratory while another six used the system in the field. The results show that the added value of conducting usability evaluations in the field is very little and that recreating central aspects of the use context in a laboratory setting enables the identification of the same usability problem list.},
	Annote = {a bit too optimistic},
	Author = {J.Kjeldskov and M.B.Skov and B.S.Als and R.T.H{\o}egh},
	Booktitle = {Proceedings of the 6th International Mobile HCI 2004 conference},
	Date-Added = {2007-07-29 23:49:38 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-08-21 11:01:30 +0200},
	Keywords = {mobile computing, evaluation},
	Pages = {61-73},
	Publisher = {Springer-Verlag: Berlin},
	Title = {Is it Worth the Hassle? Exploring the Added Value of Evaluating the Usability of Context-Aware Mobile Systems in the Field},
	Url = {http://www.cs.aau.dk/~jesper/papers/MobileHCI04-final.pdf},
	Year = {2004}}

@phdthesis{Leonhardt:1998cq,
	Author = {U. Leonhardt},
	Date-Added = {2007-07-29 23:23:22 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-07-29 23:24:10 +0200},
	School = {University of London},
	Title = {Supporting Location-Awareness in Open Distributed Systems},
	Year = {1998}}

@inproceedings{Sellen:2006qq,
	Author = {Abigail Sellen and Rachel Eardley and Shahram Izadi and Richard H. R. Harper},
	Bibsource = {DBLP, http://dblp.uni-trier.de},
	Booktitle = {CHI Extended Abstracts},
	Crossref = {DBLP:conf/chi/2006a},
	Date-Added = {2007-07-29 23:09:09 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-07-30 18:55:22 +0200},
	Ee = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1125451.1125694},
	Pages = {1307-1312},
	Title = {The whereabouts clock: early testing of a situated awareness
 device.},
	Year = {2006}}

@inproceedings{Wiil:2000mb,
	Author = {U. K. Wiil},
	Booktitle = {6th Workshop on Open Hypermedia Systems, Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS 1903)},
	Date-Added = {2007-07-29 23:01:16 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-07-29 23:02:49 +0200},
	Editor = {Springer Verlage},
	Pages = {23-30},
	Title = {Towards a Proposal for a Standard Component-Based Open Hypermedia System Storage Interface},
	Year = {2000}}

@article{Roman:2002gb,
	Author = {Manuel Rom{\'a}n and Christopher K. Hess and Renato Cerqueira and Anand Ranganathan and Roy H. Campbell and Klara Nahrstedt},
	Date-Added = {2007-07-29 22:53:30 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-07-29 22:55:20 +0200},
	Journal = {IEEE Pervasive Computing},
	Month = {Oct-Dec},
	Title = {Gaia: A Middleware Infrastructure to Enable Active Spaces},
	Volume = {74-83},
	Year = {2002}}

@article{Laurier:2001rr,
	Abstract = {In often-noticed feature of mobile phone calls is some form of 'geographical' locating after a greeting has been made. The author uses some singular instances of mobile phone conversations to provide an answer as to why this geolinguistic feature has emerged. In an examination of two real cases and a vignette, some light is shed on a more classical spatial topic, that of mobility. During the opening and closing statements of the paper a short critique is put forward of the 'professionalisation' of cultural studies and cultural geography and their ways of theorising ordinary activities. It is argued that a concern with theory construction effectively distances such workers from everyday affairs where ordinary actors understand in practical terms and account competently for what is going on in their worlds. This practical understanding is inherent in the intricacies of a conversational 'ordering', which is at one and the same time also an ordering of the times and spaces of these worlds. By means of an indifferent approach to the 'grand theories' of culture, some detailed understandings of social practices are offered via the alternatives of ethnomethodological and conversational investigations},
	Annote = {The problem is that is focuses on mobile workers for whom location really makes sense,  I would like to see a same study but with non-mobile person.},
	Author = {E. Laurier},
	Date-Added = {2007-07-29 22:35:09 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-08-21 11:02:29 +0200},
	Journal = {Environment and Planning D: Society & Space},
	Keywords = {location formulation, cell phone},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {485-504},
	Title = {Why people say where they are during mobile phone calls},
	Url = {http://www.receiver.vodafone.com/07/articles/07_page01.html},
	Volume = {19},
	Year = {2001}}

@article{Dey:2001fv,
	Author = {Anind K. Dey},
	Bibsource = {DBLP, http://dblp.uni-trier.de},
	Date-Added = {2007-07-29 21:22:29 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-07-30 18:16:41 +0200},
	Ee = {http://link.springer.de/link/service/journals/00779/bibs/1005001/10050004.htm},
	Journal = {Personal and Ubiquitous Computing},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {4-7},
	Title = {Understanding and Using Context.},
	Volume = {5},
	Year = {2001}}

@inproceedings{Schilit:1994ly,
	Address = {Santa Cruz, CA, US},
	Author = {Bill Schilit and Norman Adams and Roy Want},
	Booktitle = {{IEEE} Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications},
	Date-Added = {2007-07-29 21:15:44 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-08-21 11:00:27 +0200},
	Title = {Context-Aware Computing Applications},
	Url = {citeseer.ist.psu.edu/schilit94contextaware.html},
	Year = {1994}}

@inbook{Woods:1997zt,
	Author = {D. D. Woods},
	Date-Added = {2007-07-29 21:04:20 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-07-29 21:06:03 +0200},
	Editor = {J. Flanagan, T. Huang, P. Jones, & S. Kasif, S. (Eds.),},
	Journal = {Human centered systems: Information, interactivity, and intelligence},
	Pages = {288-293},
	Publisher = {Washington, DC: National Science Foundation.},
	Title = {Human-centered software agents: Lessons from clumsy automation},
	Year = {1997}}

@book{Nardi:1996il,
	Author = {B. Nardi},
	Date-Added = {2007-07-29 20:56:48 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-07-29 20:57:23 +0200},
	Publisher = {MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.},
	Title = {Context and Consciousness: Activity Theory and Human-Computer Interaction},
	Year = {1996}}

@book{Suchman:1987ve,
	Author = {L. Suchman},
	Date-Added = {2007-07-29 20:54:08 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-08-21 11:01:02 +0200},
	Publisher = {Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge},
	Title = {Plans and Situated Actions. The Problem of Human-Machine Communication},
	Year = {1987}}

@book{Greenfield:2006ye,
	Author = {Adam Greenfield},
	Date-Added = {2007-07-29 20:43:02 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-07-29 20:45:14 +0200},
	Publisher = {New Riders Publishing},
	Title = {Everyware},
	Year = {2006}}

@inproceedings{James-Pycock-and-Tim-Diggins-and-Allan-MacLean-and-Alain-Karsenty:2002bh,
	Author = {Peter Tolmie and
 James Pycock and
 Tim Diggins and
 Allan MacLean and
 Alain Karsenty},
	Bibsource = {DBLP, http://dblp.uni-trier.de},
	Booktitle = {CHI},
	Date-Added = {2007-07-29 20:36:21 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-07-30 18:16:41 +0200},
	Ee = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/503376.503448},
	Pages = {399-406},
	Title = {Unremarkable computing.},
	Year = {2002}}

@book{Crabtree:2003fu,
	Author = {Andy Crabtree},
	Date-Added = {2007-07-29 20:31:07 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-07-29 20:33:04 +0200},
	Publisher = {London: Stringer-Verlag},
	Title = {Designing Collaborative Systems: A Practical Guide to Ethnography},
	Year = {2003}}

@inproceedings{David-N.-Smith-and-Wendy-A.-Kellogg-and-Mark-Laff-and-John-T.-Richards-and-Erin-Bradner:1999qf,
	Author = {Thomas Erickson and
 David N. Smith and
 Wendy A. Kellogg and
 Mark Laff and
 John T. Richards and
 Erin Bradner},
	Bibsource = {DBLP, http://dblp.uni-trier.de},
	Booktitle = {CHI},
	Date-Added = {2007-07-29 19:46:59 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-07-30 18:16:41 +0200},
	Ee = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/302979.302997},
	Pages = {72-79},
	Title = {Socially Translucent Systems: Social Proxies, Persistent
 Conversation, and the Design of ``Babble''.},
	Year = {1999}}

@article{Weiser:1996qo,
	Address = {New York, NY, USA},
	Author = {Mark Weiser and John Seely Brown},
	Book = {Beyond calculation: the next fifty years},
	Date-Added = {2007-07-29 19:34:54 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-07-29 20:47:14 +0200},
	Isbn = {0-38794932-1},
	Pages = {75--85},
	Publisher = {Copernicus},
	Title = {The coming age of calm technolgy},
	Year = {1996}}

@article{Weiser:1991nx,
	Annote = {Seminal paper about ubiquitous computing},
	Author = {M. Weiser},
	Date-Added = {2007-07-29 19:34:03 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-08-21 11:03:14 +0200},
	Journal = {Scientific American},
	Keywords = {ubiquitous computing},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {94-104},
	Title = {The computer for the 21st century},
	Volume = {265},
	Year = {1991}}

@article{Weilenmann:2003kx,
	Abstract = {The aim of this paper is to begin to investigate the ways in which participants in  mobile phone conversations orient to each other's location, activities and availability.  Through looking at data consisting of recorded mobile phone conversations, a conversation  analytic approach is used to make initial observations regarding the character of mobile  phone conversations. It is found that the frequent question ``What are you doing?''  sometimes worked as getting a location as part of the answer, which shows how location,  activity and availability are strongly related. The participants thus got information about  location, when this was considered relevant, through asking about activity. Location  seemed especially relevant if it could give information about a future meeting. In some  conversations where there seemed to be things going on where the called party was located,  the caller attended to this by initiating the topic using a  strategy giving the called a chance  to end the conversation.  },
	Author = {A. Weilenmann},
	Date-Added = {2007-07-29 19:31:54 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-08-21 10:34:03 +0200},
	Journal = {Environment and Planning},
	Keywords = {locative media, positioning, naming, cell phone},
	Number = {9},
	Pages = {1589 - 1605},
	Title = {``I can't talk now, I'm in a fitting room'': Availability and location in mobile phone conversations},
	Url = {http://www.viktoria.se/~alexandra/ publications/I%20cant%20talk%20now.pdf},
	Volume = {35},
	Year = {2003}}

@article{Ward:1997ff,
	Author = {A. Ward and A. Jones and A. Hopper},
	Date-Added = {2007-07-29 19:30:18 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-07-29 19:31:19 +0200},
	Journal = {IEEE Personal Communications},
	Month = {October},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {42-47},
	Text = {Andy Ward, Alan Jones, and Andy Hopper. A New Location Technique for the
 Active Office. IEEE Personnel Communications, 4(5):42--47, October 1997.},
	Title = {A New Location Technique for the Active Office},
	Url = {citeseer.ist.psu.edu/ward97new.html},
	Volume = {4},
	Year = {1997}}

@book{Theureau:1992pi,
	Author = {J. Theureau},
	Date-Added = {2007-07-29 19:27:29 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-07-29 19:28:07 +0200},
	Publisher = {Editions Peter Lang, Berne},
	Title = {Le cours d'action : analyse s{\'e}mio-logique},
	Year = {1992}}

@inproceedings{Svahn:2004mi,
	Author = {F. Svahn},
	Booktitle = {IRIS27, Falkenberg, Sweden},
	Date-Added = {2007-07-29 19:25:40 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-07-29 19:26:33 +0200},
	Title = {In-Car Navigation Usage: An End-User Survey on Existing Systems},
	Year = {2004}}

@article{Stankiewicz:2006qa,
	Author = {B. J. Stankiewicz and G. E. Legge and J. S. Mansfield and E. J. Schlicht},
	Date-Added = {2007-07-29 19:23:37 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-07-29 19:25:11 +0200},
	Journal = {Journal of Experimenal Psychology: Human Perception & Performance},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {688-704},
	Title = {Lost in Virtual Space: Studies in Human and Ideal Spatial Navigation},
	Volume = {32},
	Year = {2006}}

@inproceedings{Rudstrom:2005kn,
	Address = {Las Vegas, USA},
	Author = {{\AA}sa Rudstr{\"o}m and Kristina H{\"o}{\"o}k and Martin Svensson},
	Booktitle = {Proceedings of 1st International Conference on Online Communities and Social Computing, at HCII 2005},
	Date-Added = {2007-07-29 19:22:22 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-07-30 18:54:52 +0200},
	Pages = {10},
	Title = {Social positioning: Designing the Seams between Social, Physical and Digital Space},
	Url = {http://eprints.sics.se/104/01/HCII2005.pdf},
	Year = {2005}}

@inbook{Roth:2004fu,
	Author = {J. Roth},
	Chapter = {Data Collection},
	Date-Added = {2007-07-29 19:18:23 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-07-29 19:19:31 +0200},
	Editor = {Jochen Schiller, Agn{\`e}s Voisard},
	Publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann Publishers},
	Title = {Location-Based Services},
	Year = {2004}}

@conference{Nova:2006dz,
	Author = {N. Nova and F. Girardin and P. Dillenbourg},
	Booktitle = {International Conference on the Design of Cooperative Systems},
	Date-Added = {2007-07-29 19:15:54 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-07-29 19:17:15 +0200},
	Title = {The Underwhelming Effects of Automatic Location-Awareness on Collaboration in a Pervasive Game},
	Year = {2006}}

@phdthesis{Nova:2007fv,
	Author = {N. Nova},
	Date-Added = {2007-07-29 19:14:24 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-07-29 19:14:49 +0200},
	School = {EPFL},
	Title = {The Influences of Location-Awareness on Computer-Supported Collaboration},
	Year = {2007}}

@misc{Norros:2004bs,
	Author = {L. Norros},
	Date-Added = {2007-07-29 19:13:35 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-07-29 19:14:10 +0200},
	Howpublished = {The core-task analysis in ecological study of work. Espoo: VTT Publications. Available also in electronical form: URL: http://www.vtt.fi/inf/pdf/},
	Title = {Acting under uncertainty},
	Year = {2004}}

@article{Ljungstrand:2001la,
	Author = {Peter Ljungstrand},
	Bibsource = {DBLP, http://dblp.uni-trier.de},
	Date-Added = {2007-07-29 19:12:14 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-07-30 18:16:41 +0200},
	Ee = {http://link.springer.de/link/service/journals/00779/bibs/1005001/10050058.htm},
	Journal = {Personal and Ubiquitous Computing},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {58-61},
	Title = {Context Awareness and Mobile Phones.},
	Volume = {5},
	Year = {2001}}

@article{Kulik:2003ij,
	Author = {L. Kulik},
	Date-Added = {2007-07-29 19:09:41 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-07-29 19:10:37 +0200},
	Journal = {Spatial Cognition & Computation},
	Number = {2&3},
	Pages = {157-183},
	Title = {Spatial vagueness and second-order vagueness},
	Volume = {3},
	Year = {2003}}

@inproceedings{Krumm:2006kb,
	Author = {John Krumm and Eric Horvitz},
	Bibsource = {DBLP, http://dblp.uni-trier.de},
	Booktitle = {Ubicomp},
	Crossref = {DBLP:conf/huc/2006},
	Date-Added = {2007-07-29 19:08:05 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-07-30 18:45:01 +0200},
	Ee = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11853565_15},
	Pages = {243-260},
	Title = {Predestination: Inferring Destinations from Partial Trajectories.},
	Year = {2006}}

@article{Jones:2004qf,
	Author = {Quentin Jones and Sukeshini A. Grandhi and Loren G. Terveen and Steve Whittaker},
	Bibsource = {DBLP, http://dblp.uni-trier.de},
	Date-Added = {2007-07-29 19:06:45 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-08-21 11:01:24 +0200},
	Ee = {http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.1007/s10606-004-2803-7},
	Journal = {Computer Supported Cooperative Work},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {249-282},
	Title = {People-to-People-to-Geographical-Places: The P3 Framework
 for Location-Based Community Systems.},
	Volume = {13},
	Year = {2004}}

@book{Jarvinen:2004hc,
	Author = {P. J{\"a}rvinen},
	Date-Added = {2007-07-29 19:03:33 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-07-29 19:04:35 +0200},
	Publisher = {Tampere: Opinpaja},
	Title = {On research methods},
	Url = {http://www.uta.fi/~pj/},
	Year = {2004}}

@inproceedings{Hudson:1996bv,
	Author = {Scott E. Hudson and Ian E. Smit},
	Bibsource = {DBLP, http://dblp.uni-trier.de},
	Booktitle = {CSCW},
	Date-Added = {2007-07-29 19:02:57 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-07-30 18:37:31 +0200},
	Ee = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/240080.240295},
	Pages = {248-257},
	Title = {Techniques for Addressing Fundamental Privacy and Disruption
 Tradeoffs in Awareness Support Systems.},
	Year = {1996}}

@misc{Hong:2003tg,
	Author = {J.I. Hong and G. Boriello and J.A. Landay and D.W. McDonald and B.N. Schilit and J.D. Tygar},
	Date-Added = {2007-07-29 18:58:39 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-07-29 19:01:26 +0200},
	Howpublished = {In Fifth International Conference on Ubiquitous Computing: Ubicomp 198 2003 (Workshop on Ubicomp Communities: Privacy as Boundary Negotiation)},
	Title = {Hong, J.I., et al. Privacy and Security in the Location-enhanced World Wide Web},
	Year = {2003}}

@article{Griswold:2004kl,
	Author = {W. G. Griswold and P. Shanahan and S.W. Brown and R. Boyer and M. Ratto and R.B. Shapiro and T.M. Truong},
	Date-Added = {2007-07-29 18:53:15 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-07-29 18:55:35 +0200},
	Journal = {IEEE Computer},
	Number = {10},
	Pages = {73-81},
	Title = {ActiveCampus - Experiments in Community-Oriented Ubiquitous Computing},
	Volume = {37},
	Year = {2004}}

@misc{Girardin:2007oq,
	Author = {F. Girardin and J. Blat},
	Date-Added = {2007-07-29 18:51:24 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-07-29 18:52:30 +0200},
	Howpublished = {Late Breaking Result at Ubicomp 2007},
	Month = {September},
	Title = {Place this Photo on a Map: A Study of Explicit Disclosure of Location Information},
	Year = {2007}}

@misc{Girardin:2007nx,
	Author = {F. Girardin and M. Blackstock and P.Dillenbourg and M. Finke and P. Jeffrey and N. Nova},
	Date-Added = {2007-07-29 18:48:25 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-07-29 18:51:06 +0200},
	Howpublished = {Common Models and Patterns for Pervasive Computing Workshop, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 5th International Conference on Pervasive Computing},
	Month = {May},
	Title = {Issues from Deploying a Pervasive Game on Multiple Sites},
	Year = {2007}}

@article{Girardin:2006cr,
	Author = {F. Girardin and N. Nova},
	Date-Added = {2007-07-29 18:47:04 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-07-29 18:48:18 +0200},
	Journal = {e-Minds International Journal on Human-Computer Interaction},
	Month = {January},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {60-64},
	Title = {Getting real with ubiquitous computing: the impact of discrepancies on collaboration},
	Volume = {1},
	Year = {2006}}

@misc{Girardin:2006dq,
	Author = {F. Girardin and N. Nova and J. Blat},
	Date-Added = {2007-07-29 18:45:23 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-07-29 18:46:41 +0200},
	Howpublished = {Poster at Ubicomp 2006},
	Title = {Towards Design Strategies to Deal with Spatial Uncertainty in Location- Aware Systems},
	Year = {2006}}

@inproceedings{Fahlen:2006bh,
	Address = {Bonn, Germany},
	Author = {L . Fahl{\'e}n and E. Fr{\'e}con and P. Hansson and A. Avatare N{\"o}u and J. S{\"o}derberg},
	Booktitle = {ERCIM Workshop "User Interfaces for All"},
	Date-Added = {2007-07-29 18:41:01 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-07-29 18:43:49 +0200},
	Title = {CLoc - Clock Interface for Location and Presence},
	Year = {2006}}

@techreport{Dyck:2001ly,
	Author = {J. Dyck and C Gutwin,},
	Date-Added = {2007-07-29 18:39:46 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-07-29 18:39:46 +0200},
	Institution = {Technical Report HCI-TR-2001-02},
	Title = {Where are you and what can you see? Maintaining Location Awareness In Collaborative 3D Workspaces},
	Year = {2001}}

@techreport{Dimitracopoulou:2005ve,
	Author = {A. Dimitracopoulou and A. Mones and Y. Dimitriadis and A. Morch and S. Ludvigsen and A. Harrer},
	Date-Added = {2007-07-29 18:34:41 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-07-29 18:40:38 +0200},
	Institution = {Deliverable D.26.1 from the Interaction & Collaboration Analysis' supporting Teachers & Students' Self-regulation (ICALT)},
	Title = {State of the Art on Interaction Analysis: ``Interaction Analysis Indicators},
	Url = {http://www.rhodes.aegean.gr/LTEE/KALEIDOSCOPE-ICALTS},
	Year = {2005}}

@book{Creswell:2003ys,
	Author = {J.W. Creswell},
	Date-Added = {2007-07-29 18:30:40 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-07-29 18:32:45 +0200},
	Edition = {Second editon},
	Publisher = {Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage},
	Title = {Research Design: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches},
	Year = {2003}}

@inproceedings{Bubb-Lewis:1997vn,
	Author = {C. Bubb-Lewis and M. Scerbo},
	Booktitle = {Human-Automation Interaction: Research and Practice},
	Date-Added = {2007-07-29 18:23:00 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-07-29 18:24:45 +0200},
	Editor = {M. Mouloua and J. Koonce},
	Journal = {Human-Automation Interaction: Research and Practice},
	Title = {Getting to know you: Human-computer communication in adaptive automation},
	Year = {1997}}

@article{Beresford:2002kx,
	Author = {A. R. Beresford and F. Stajano},
	Date-Added = {2007-07-29 18:21:01 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-07-29 18:21:54 +0200},
	Journal = {IEEE Pervasive Computing},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {46-55},
	Title = {Location Privacy in Pervasive Computing},
	Volume = {2},
	Year = {2002}}

@article{Bellotti:2001bh,
	Abstract = {This essay considers the problem of defining the context that context-aware 
systems should pay attention to from a human perspective. In particular, we ar- 
gue that there are human aspects of context that cannot be sensed or even in- 
ferred by technological means, so context-aware systems cannot be designed 
simply to act on our behalf. Rather, they will have to be able to defer to users in 
an efficient and nonobtrusive fashion. Our point is particularly relevant for sys- 
tems that are constructed such that applications are architecturally isolated 
from the sensing and inferencing that governs their behavior. We propose a de- 
sign framework that is intended to guide thinking about accommodating hu- 
man aspects of context. This framework presents four design principles that 
support intelligibility of system behavior and accountability of human users and a 
number of human-salient details of context that must be accounted for in con- 
text-aware system design. 
},
	Annote = {The paper is a very high-level computer science article about context-awareness and its corollary social issues. It is focused on the problem of defining which context-aware elements might be automatically extracted and shown to the users of interactive systems.

In particular, we argue that there are human aspects of context that cannot be sensed or even inferred by technological means, so context-aware systems cannot be designed simply to act on our behalf. Rather, they will have to be able to defer to users in an efficient and nonobtrusive fashion.

Why do I blog this? This is really one of the conclusion of my phd research: certain processes (like location awareness) should not always be automated, sometimes deferring it to users can be more important as we saw in Catchbob!.

BUT:

Further, experience has shown that people are very poor at remembering to update system representations of their own state; even if it is something as static as whether they will allow attempts at connection in general from some person (Bellotti, 1997;Bellotti & Sellen,1993) or, more dynamically, current availability levels (Wax,1996). So we cannot rely on users to continually provide this information explicitly.

This might depend on the ACTIVITY, in catchbob people kept updating their positions on the map so that others could be aware of what they were doing because it was relevant for the time being and the cost of doing it was low.

Not directly related to my work, the paper also describes two principles for ubiquitouis computing:

Intelligibility: Context-aware systems that seek to act upon what they infer about the context must be able to represent to their users what they know, how they know it, and what they are doing about it.

Accountability: Context-aware systems must enforce user accountability when, based on their inferences about the social context, they seek to mediate user actions that impact others.},
	Author = {V. Bellotti and K. Edwards},
	Date-Added = {2007-07-29 18:17:46 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-08-21 11:01:43 +0200},
	Journal = {Human-Computer Interaction},
	Keywords = {context-awareness, intelligibility, accountability},
	Number = {2-4},
	Pages = {193-212},
	Title = {Intelligibility and accountability: human considerations in context-aware systems},
	Url = {http://www.cs.bris.ac.uk/Teaching/Resources/COMSM0106/papers/Bellotti-2001.pdf},
	Volume = {16},
	Year = {2001}}

@inproceedings{Axup:2005rt,
	Abstract = {Mobile phones are increasingly being used collaboratively by social networks of users in spite of the fact that they are primarily designed to support single users and one-to-one communication. It is not well understood how services such as group SMS, SMS-based discussion lists and mobile Instant Messaging (IM) will be used by mobile groups in natural settings. Studying specific instances of common styles of in situ, group interaction may provide a way to see behavior patterns and typical interaction problems. We conducted a study of a mobile, group communication probe used during a rendezvousing activity in an urban environment. Usability problems relating to group usage, phone interface design and context were identified. Several major issues included: multitasking during message composition and reading; speed of text entry; excessive demand on visual attention; and ambiguity of intended recipients. We suggest that existing mobile device designs are overly-focused on individual users to the detriment of usability for mobile groups of users. We provide recommendations for the design of future mobile, group interfaces, used in similar situations to those explored here.},
	Address = {St. Louis, MO, USA},
	Annote = {Axup, Viller and Bidwell studied how people used cell phones and a mobile discussion list (made up of SMS) to coordinate while rendezvousing. The discussion list prototype adequately supported the joint actions they users (group of 39 has to carry out. However, significant few problems arose. Since users had not location awareness tool they had to figure out the approximate location of their partners as well as developing a representation of the are being explored. Since teams did not see each other's location, sometimes they misattributed delays and formed inaccurate models of behavior/location. The authors found that the SMS discussion list they proposed is insufficient for rendezvousing for different reasons. One the one hand, the usability of the cell phone makes it difficult to see both messages being composed and incoming messages simultaneously. On the other hand, the lack of a map view and location awareness is also detrimental to the task.
},
	Author = {J. Axup and S. Viller and N. Bidwell},
	Booktitle = {Proceedings of the Symposium on Collaborative Technologies and Systems - Special Session on Mobile Collaborative Work},
	Date-Added = {2007-07-29 18:15:29 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-08-21 10:58:55 +0200},
	Keywords = {rendezvousing, coordination, cell phone},
	Month = {May 15-20},
	Title = {Usability of a Mobile, Group Communication Prototype While Rendezvousing},
	Url = {http://www.mobilecommunitydesign.com/research/Axup,Viller,Bidwell-Usability_of_a_Mobile,_Group_Communication_Prototype_While_Rendezvousing-pre-print.pdf},
	Year = {2005}}

@article{Addlesee:1997uq,
	Author = {M.D. Addlesee and A.H. Jones and F. Livesey and F.S. Samaria},
	Date-Added = {2007-07-29 18:12:55 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-07-29 18:13:52 +0200},
	Journal = {IEEE Personal Communications},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {35-51},
	Title = {The ORL Active Floor},
	Volume = {4},
	Year = {1997}}

@article{Ackerman:2001fk,
	Author = {M. Ackerman and T. Darrell and D. J. Weitzner},
	Date-Added = {2007-07-29 18:10:21 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-07-29 18:12:13 +0200},
	Journal = {Human-Computer Interaction},
	Pages = {167-176},
	Title = {Privacy in context},
	Volume = {16},
	Year = {2001}}

@inproceedings{Gruteser:2003ly,
	Address = {New York, NY, USA},
	Author = {Marco Gruteser and Dirk Grunwald},
	Booktitle = {MobiSys '03: Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Mobile systems, applications and services},
	Date-Added = {2007-07-29 00:33:00 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-07-30 18:16:19 +0200},
	Doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1066116.1189037},
	Location = {San Francisco, California},
	Pages = {31--42},
	Publisher = {ACM Press},
	Title = {Anonymous Usage of Location-Based Services Through Spatial and Temporal Cloaking},
	Year = {2003}}

@inproceedings{Priyantha:2000xw,
	Author = {Nissanka B. Priyantha and Anit Chakraborty and Hari Balakrishnan},
	Bibsource = {DBLP, http://dblp.uni-trier.de},
	Booktitle = {MOBICOM},
	Date-Added = {2007-07-27 12:26:32 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-07-30 18:53:52 +0200},
	Ee = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/345910.345917},
	Pages = {32-43},
	Title = {The Cricket location-support system.},
	Year = {2000}}

@inproceedings{Brown:2003dk,
	Author = {Barry Brown and Matthew Chalmers},
	Bibsource = {DBLP, http://dblp.uni-trier.de},
	Booktitle = {ECSCW},
	Crossref = {DBLP:conf/ecscw/2003},
	Date-Added = {2007-07-27 00:40:10 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-07-30 18:22:50 +0200},
	Ee = {http://www.ecscw.org/2003/018Brown_ecscw03.pdf},
	Pages = {335-354},
	Title = {Tourism and Mobile Technology.},
	Year = {2003}}

@article{Perry:2001vn,
	Address = {New York, NY, USA},
	Author = {Mark Perry and Kenton O'hara and Abigail Sellen and Barry Brown and Richard Harper},
	Date-Added = {2007-07-27 00:35:32 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-07-30 18:16:19 +0200},
	Doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/504704.504707},
	Issn = {1073-0516},
	Journal = {ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum. Interact.},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {323--347},
	Publisher = {ACM Press},
	Title = {Dealing with mobility: understanding access anytime, anywhere},
	Volume = {8},
	Year = {2001}}

@inproceedings{Tolmie:2002yq,
	Address = {New York, NY, USA},
	Author = {Peter Tolmie and James Pycock and Tim Diggins and Allan MacLean and Alain Karsenty},
	Booktitle = {CHI '02: Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems},
	Date-Added = {2007-07-26 21:28:31 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-07-30 18:16:19 +0200},
	Doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/503376.503448},
	Isbn = {1-58113-453-3},
	Keywords = {ethnography},
	Location = {Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA},
	Pages = {399--406},
	Publisher = {ACM Press},
	Title = {Unremarkable computing},
	Year = {2002}}

@inproceedings{Crabtree:2006zr,
	Address = {New York, NY, USA},
	Author = {Andy Crabtree and Steve Benford and Chris Greenhalgh and Paul Tennent and Matthew Chalmers and Barry Brown},
	Booktitle = {DIS '06: Proceedings of the 6th ACM conference on Designing Interactive systems},
	Date-Added = {2007-07-26 21:22:19 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-07-30 18:16:19 +0200},
	Doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1142405.1142417},
	Isbn = {1-59593-367-0},
	Location = {University Park, PA, USA},
	Pages = {60--69},
	Publisher = {ACM Press},
	Title = {Supporting ethnographic studies of ubiquitous computing in the wild},
	Year = {2006}}

@inproceedings{Bahl:2000vn,
	Author = {Paramvir Bahl and Venkata N. Padmanabhan},
	Booktitle = {{INFOCOM} (2)},
	Date-Added = {2007-07-26 19:30:08 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-08-21 10:58:50 +0200},
	Pages = {775-784},
	Title = {{RADAR}: An In-Building {RF}-Based User Location and Tracking System},
	Url = {citeseer.ist.psu.edu/bahl00radar.html},
	Year = {2000}}

@inproceedings{Patel:2006os,
	Author = {Shwetak N. Patel and Khai N. Truong and Gregory D. Abowd},
	Bibsource = {DBLP, http://dblp.uni-trier.de},
	Booktitle = {Ubicomp},
	Crossref = {DBLP:conf/huc/2006},
	Date-Added = {2007-07-26 19:13:55 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-07-30 18:50:20 +0200},
	Ee = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11853565_26},
	Pages = {441-458},
	Title = {PowerLine Positioning: A Practical Sub-Room-Level Indoor
 Location System for Domestic Use.},
	Year = {2006}}

@inproceedings{Rungsarityotin:2000xq,
	Author = {Wasinee Rungsarityotin and Thad Starner},
	Bibsource = {DBLP, http://dblp.uni-trier.de},
	Booktitle = {ISWC},
	Date-Added = {2007-07-26 19:04:59 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-07-30 18:55:56 +0200},
	Ee = {http://computer.org/proceedings/iswc/0795/07950061abs.htm},
	Pages = {61-68},
	Title = {Finding Location Using Omnidirectional Video on a Wearable
 Computing Platform.},
	Year = {2000}}

@techreport{hightower2000indoor,
	Address = {Seattle, WA},
	Author = {Jeffrey Hightower and Roy Want and Gaetano Borriello},
	Date-Added = {2007-07-26 18:44:23 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-07-26 18:44:23 +0200},
	Institution = {University of Washington, Department of Computer Science and Engineering},
	Month = {February},
	Number = {00-02-02},
	Title = {{SpotON}: An Indoor 3D Location Sensing Technology Based on {RF} Signal Strength},
	Type = {UW CSE},
	Year = {2000}}

@article{Want:1992pb,
	Author = {Roy Want and Andy Hopper and Veronica Falcao and Jonathan Gibbons},
	Bibsource = {DBLP, http://dblp.uni-trier.de},
	Date-Added = {2007-07-26 18:40:32 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-07-30 18:16:41 +0200},
	Ee = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/128756.128759},
	Journal = {ACM Trans. Inf. Syst.},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {91-102},
	Title = {The Active Badge Location System.},
	Volume = {10},
	Year = {1992}}

@inproceedings{Brown:2004wd,
	Author = {Ross Brown},
	Bibsource = {DBLP, http://dblp.uni-trier.de},
	Booktitle = {GRAPHITE},
	Crossref = {DBLP:conf/graphite/2004},
	Date-Added = {2007-07-25 21:50:59 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-07-30 18:16:41 +0200},
	Ee = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/988834.988849},
	Pages = {84-89},
	Title = {Animated visual vibrations as an uncertainty visualisation
 technique.},
	Year = {2004}}

@inproceedings{Andreas-Zeidler-and-Felix-C.-Gartner-and-Sidath-B.-Handurukande:2003tg,
	Author = {Ludger Fiege and
 Andreas Zeidler and
 Felix C. G{\"a}rtner and
 Sidath B. Handurukande},
	Bibsource = {DBLP, http://dblp.uni-trier.de},
	Booktitle = {Middleware Workshops},
	Crossref = {DBLP:conf/middleware/2003w},
	Date-Added = {2007-07-25 21:44:36 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-07-30 18:16:41 +0200},
	Pages = {60-67},
	Title = {Dealing with Uncertainty in Mobile Publish/Subscribe Middleware.},
	Year = {2003}}

@inproceedings{Nigel-Davies:2006hc,
	Author = {Ricardo Morla and
 Nigel Davies},
	Bibsource = {DBLP, http://dblp.uni-trier.de},
	Booktitle = {PerCom Workshops},
	Crossref = {DBLP:conf/percom/2006w},
	Date-Added = {2007-07-24 20:18:37 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-07-30 18:16:41 +0200},
	Ee = {http://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/PERCOMW.2006.6},
	Pages = {632-635},
	Title = {A Framework for Describing Interference in Ubiquitous Computing
 Environments.},
	Year = {2006}}

@book{:2004fk,
	Date-Added = {2007-07-22 20:53:46 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-08-21 10:33:17 +0200},
	Editor = {Jochen Schiller and Agnes Voisard},
	Publisher = {Elsevier Science & Technology},
	Series = {The Morgan Kaufmann Series in Data Management Systems},
	Title = {Location-Based Services},
	Year = {2004}}

@inproceedings{Dourish:2006lq,
	Author = {Paul Dourish},
	Bibsource = {DBLP, http://dblp.uni-trier.de},
	Booktitle = {CSCW},
	Crossref = {DBLP:conf/cscw/2006},
	Date-Added = {2007-07-10 00:22:38 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-07-30 18:16:41 +0200},
	Ee = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1180875.1180921},
	Pages = {299-308},
	Title = {Re-space-ing place: "place" and "space" ten years on.},
	Year = {2006}}

@inproceedings{Pramudiono:2002mz,
	Author = {Iko Pramudiono and Takahiko Shintani and Katsumi Takahashi and Masaru Kitsuregawa},
	Bibsource = {DBLP, http://dblp.uni-trier.de},
	Booktitle = {Mobile Data Management},
	Crossref = {DBLP:conf/mdm/2002},
	Date-Added = {2007-07-09 11:49:44 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-08-21 11:00:16 +0200},
	Ee = {http://computer.org/proceedings/mdm/1500/15000139abs.htm},
	Pages = {139-145},
	Title = {User Behavior Analysis of Location Aware Search Engine.},
	Year = {2002}}

@article{Harle:2006ve,
	Author = {Harle, R. K. and Hopper, A.},
	Citeulike-Article-Id = {974550},
	Date-Added = {2007-07-09 11:24:14 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-07-30 18:16:31 +0200},
	Doi = {10.1007/s00779-006-0103-6},
	Journal = {Personal and Ubiquitous Computing},
	Keywords = {autonomous location},
	Priority = {4},
	Title = {Towards autonomous updating of world models in location-aware spaces},
	Url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00779-006-0103-6},
	Year = {2006}}

@inproceedings{Bellavista:2005lq,
	Abstract = {The growing availability of portable devices with relatively wide wireless
bandwidth is going to leverage the diffusion of Location Based Services
(LBSs), which provide service contents depending on the current position
of clients, servers, and involved distributed resources. When a wide
public of final users will use LBSs, two primary issues will emerge as
crucial: how to guarantee the proper level of user privacy given the need
to disclose client location information, to some extent, in order to
enable LBSs; and how to effectively manage the exchange of positioning
information (and of its variations) notwithstanding the high heterogeneity
of connectivity technologies and device hardware/software capabilities. The
paper presents the privacy-related extension of our proxy-based mobile
agent middleware to support personalized service provisioning to portable
devices in Wi-Fi networks. In particular, the presented middleware
prototype adopts a two-level proxy-based architecture to provide LBSs with
middleware-mediated effective access to location data, which are exposed at
the proper level of granularity depending on privacy/efficiency
requirements dynamically negotiated between clients and LBSs.},
	Address = {Siena, Italy},
	Author = {Paolo Bellavista and Antonio Corradi and Carlo Giannelli},
	Booktitle = {ISWCS 2005 Main Symposium},
	Date-Added = {2007-07-09 11:20:26 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-08-21 11:01:49 +0200},
	Days = 5,
	Month = sep,
	Title = {Efficiently Managing Location Information with Privacy Requirements in
{Wi-Fi} Networks: a Middleware Approach},
	Year = 2005}

@inproceedings{Mainwaring:2004cr,
	Author = {Scott D. Mainwaring and Michele F. Chang and Ken Anderson},
	Bibsource = {DBLP, http://dblp.uni-trier.de},
	Booktitle = {Ubicomp},
	Crossref = {DBLP:conf/huc/2004},
	Date-Added = {2007-07-09 10:57:59 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-08-21 11:02:39 +0200},
	Ee = {http://springerlink.metapress.com/openurl.asp?genre=article{\&}issn=0302-9743{\&}volume=3205{\&}spage=418},
	Pages = {418-432},
	Title = {Infrastructures and Their Discontents: Implications for Ubicomp.},
	Year = {2004}}

@article{Dourish:2006ul,
	Author = {Dourish, Paul and Bell, Genevieve},
	Citeulike-Article-Id = {1181504},
	Date-Added = {2007-07-09 10:53:02 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-07-30 18:16:31 +0200},
	Journal = {Environment and Planning B},
	Keywords = {no-tag},
	Priority = {2},
	Title = {The infrastructure of experience and the experience of infrastructure: meaning and structure in everyday encounters with space},
	Url = {http://www.envplan.com/abstract.cgi?id=b32035t},
	Year = {2006}}

@article{Gutwin:2002ec,
	Author = {Carl Gutwin and Saul Greenberg},
	Bibsource = {DBLP, http://dblp.uni-trier.de},
	Date-Added = {2007-07-09 10:39:00 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-07-30 18:35:07 +0200},
	Journal = {Computer Supported Cooperative Work},
	Number = {3-4},
	Pages = {411-446},
	Title = {A Descriptive Framework of Workspace Awareness for Real-Time
 Groupware.},
	Volume = {11},
	Year = {2002}}

@article{Ellingsen:2006gf,
	Address = {Norwell, MA, USA},
	Author = {Gunnar Ellingsen and Eric Monteiro},
	Date-Added = {2007-07-09 10:30:38 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-07-30 18:16:19 +0200},
	Doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10606-006-9033-0},
	Issn = {0925-9724},
	Journal = {Comput. Supported Coop. Work},
	Number = {5-6},
	Pages = {443--466},
	Publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers},
	Title = {Seamless Integration: Standardisation across Multiple Local Settings},
	Volume = {15},
	Year = {2006}}

@article{Vogiazou:2007pt,
	Author = {Yanna Vogiazou and Bas Raijmakers and Erik Geelhoed and Josephine Reid and Marc Eisenstadt},
	Bibsource = {DBLP, http://dblp.uni-trier.de},
	Date-Added = {2007-07-09 00:51:16 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-07-30 18:59:03 +0200},
	Ee = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00779-006-0068-5},
	Journal = {Personal and Ubiquitous Computing},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {45-58},
	Title = {Design for emergence: experiments with a mixed reality urban
 playground game.},
	Volume = {11},
	Year = {2007}}

@inproceedings{Rudman:2006:7994,
	Abstract = {Mobile computing has the potential to allow both experts and the public to collect and understand 
environmental
data such as pollutants in urban areas. We describe an experimental system---eGS---that allows users to 
explore a
city area while collaboratively visualising a common atmospheric pollutant--- carbon monoxide---in real-
time.
Users carry a networked tablet PC. Using GPS and an attached sensor, a map shows pollutant values as 
a colourcoded
trail as the user moves around the city. Users may take photographs of pollution-significant situations 
that
are referenced against their current map location. Pollutant readings and photographs appear on all 
users' maps as
shared information for potential collaboration. We report on lessons learned and design issues arising 
from the
implementation and us of this research prototype. In particular, we question some assumptions 
regarding the
use of map-based representations with transient environmental information.
},
	Author = {Rudman,P.;North,S.;Chalmers,M.;},
	Booktitle = {Proc. UK-UbiNet workshop on eScience and ubicomp
	},
	Date-Added = {2007-07-09 00:32:46 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-07-09 00:32:46 +0200},
	Keywords = {Equator, environmental science, ubicomp},
	Publisher = {N/A},
	Title = {Mobile Pollution Mapping in the City},
	Year = {2005}}

@inproceedings{Yoo:2006mz,
	Address = {Darlinghurst, Australia, Australia},
	Author = {Hee Yong Yoo and Suh Hyun Cheon},
	Booktitle = {APVis '06: Proceedings of the 2006 Asia-Pacific Symposium on Information Visualisation},
	Date-Added = {2007-07-08 23:04:34 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-07-30 18:16:19 +0200},
	Isbn = {1-920682-41-4},
	Location = {Tokyo, Japan},
	Pages = {143--146},
	Publisher = {Australian Computer Society, Inc.},
	Title = {Visualization by information type on mobile device},
	Year = {2006}}

@article{Chittaro:2006fr,
	Address = {Los Alamitos, CA, USA},
	Author = {Luca Chittaro},
	Date-Added = {2007-07-08 23:01:54 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-07-30 18:16:19 +0200},
	Doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MC.2006.109},
	Issn = {0018-9162},
	Journal = {Computer},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {40--45},
	Publisher = {IEEE Computer Society Press},
	Title = {Visualizing Information on Mobile Devices},
	Volume = {39},
	Year = {2006}}

@inproceedings{Guoray-Cai-and-Michael-D.-McNeese-and-Rajeev-Sharma-and-Sven-Fuhrmann:2006rr,
	Author = {Alan M. MacEachren and
 Guoray Cai and
 Michael D. McNeese and
 Rajeev Sharma and
 Sven Fuhrmann},
	Bibsource = {DBLP, http://dblp.uni-trier.de},
	Booktitle = {DG.O},
	Crossref = {DBLP:conf/dgo/2006},
	Date-Added = {2007-07-08 21:51:47 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-07-30 18:16:41 +0200},
	Ee = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1146598.1146624},
	Pages = {71-72},
	Title = {GeoCollaborative crisis management: designing technologies
 to meet real-world needs.},
	Year = {2006}}

@article{Satyanarayanan:2005ys,
	Address = {Piscataway, NJ, USA},
	Author = {M. Satyanarayanan},
	Date-Added = {2007-07-08 21:38:08 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-07-30 18:16:19 +0200},
	Doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MPRV.2005.61},
	Issn = {1536-1268},
	Journal = {IEEE Pervasive Computing},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {4--6},
	Publisher = {IEEE Educational Activities Department},
	Title = {Metrics and Benchmarks for Pervasive Computing},
	Volume = {4},
	Year = {2005}}

@article{Morla:2004rt,
	Address = {Piscataway, NJ, USA},
	Author = {Ricardo Morla and Nigel Davies},
	Date-Added = {2007-07-08 21:35:28 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-07-30 18:16:19 +0200},
	Doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MPRV.2004.1321028},
	Issn = {1536-1268},
	Journal = {IEEE Pervasive Computing},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {48--56},
	Publisher = {IEEE Educational Activities Department},
	Title = {Evaluating a Location-Based Application: A Hybrid Test and Simulation Environment},
	Volume = {3},
	Year = {2004}}

@article{Schilit:1994gf,
	Author = {Bill Schilit and M. Theimer},
	Date-Added = {2007-07-08 20:48:52 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-08-21 11:00:30 +0200},
	Journal = {IEEE Network},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {22--32},
	Title = {Disseminating Active Map Information to Mobile Hosts},
	Url = {citeseer.ist.psu.edu/schilit94disseminating.html},
	Volume = {8},
	Year = {1994}}

@inproceedings{Chen:2006dq,
	Author = {Mike Chen and Dirk Haehnel and Jeffrey Hightower and Timothy Sohn and Anthony LaMarca and Ian Smith and Dmitri Chmelev and Jeff Hughes and Fred Potter},
	Booktitle = {Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Ubiquitous Computing (Ubicomp 2006)},
	Date-Added = {2007-07-08 20:12:43 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-08-21 11:02:02 +0200},
	Month = {September},
	Pages = {225-242},
	Publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
	Series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
	Title = {Practical Metropolitan-scale Positioning for GSM Phones},
	Year = {2006}}

@article{hightower2006lessons,
	Author = {Jeffrey Hightower and Anthony LaMarca and Ian Smith},
	Date-Added = {2007-07-08 20:05:20 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-07-08 20:05:20 +0200},
	Journal = {IEEE Pervasive Computing},
	Month = {July-September},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {32-39},
	Publisher = {IEEE Computer Society Press},
	Title = {Practical Lessons from Place Lab},
	Volume = {5},
	Year = {2006}}

@inproceedings{Varshavsky:2006wd,
	Author = {Alex Varshavsky and Mike Chen and Eyal de~Lara and Jon Froehlich and Dirk Haehnel and Jeffrey Hightower and Anthony LaMarca and Fred Potter and Timothy Sohn and Karen Tang and Ian Smith},
	Booktitle = {Proceedings of the 7th IEEE Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems \& Applications (HotMobile 2006)},
	Date-Added = {2007-07-08 20:02:38 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-08-21 11:03:05 +0200},
	Month = {April},
	Publisher = {IEEE Computer Society Press},
	Title = {Are GSM Phones THE Solution for Localization?},
	Year = {2006}}

@inproceedings{Graumann:2003th,
	Author = {David Graumann and Jeffrey Hightower and Walter Lara and Gaetano Borriello},
	Bibsource = {DBLP, http://dblp.uni-trier.de},
	Booktitle = {WMCSA},
	Crossref = {DBLP:conf/wmcsa/2003},
	Date-Added = {2007-07-08 19:59:05 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-07-30 18:16:41 +0200},
	Ee = {http://csdl.computer.org/comp/proceedings/wmcsa/2003/1995/00/19950122abs.htm},
	Pages = {122-128},
	Title = {Real-world Implementation of the Location Stack: The Universal
 Location Framework.},
	Year = {2003}}

@inproceedings{Sohn:2006fr,
	Author = {Timothy Sohn and Alex Varshavsky and Anthony LaMarca and Mike Y. Chen and Tanzeem Choudhury and Ian Smith and Sunny Consolvo and Jeffrey Hightower and William G. Griswold and Eyal de Lara},
	Bibsource = {DBLP, http://dblp.uni-trier.de},
	Booktitle = {Ubicomp},
	Crossref = {DBLP:conf/huc/2006},
	Date-Added = {2007-06-05 15:31:48 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-08-21 10:59:39 +0200},
	Ee = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11853565_13},
	Pages = {212-224},
	Title = {Mobility Detection Using Everyday GSM Traces.},
	Year = {2006}}

@inproceedings{Girardin:2007,
	Author = {Fabien Girardin},
	Bibsource = {DBLP, http://dblp.uni-trier.de},
	Booktitle = {CHI Extended Abstracts},
	Crossref = {DBLP:conf/chi/2007a},
	Date-Added = {2007-05-05 10:19:32 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-05-05 10:20:57 +0200},
	Editor = {Mary Beth Rosson and David J. Gilmore},
	Ee = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1240866.1240875},
	Pages = {1653-1656},
	Publisher = {ACM},
	Title = {Bridging the social-technical gap in location-aware computing.},
	Year = {2007}}

@article{Konomi:2006,
	Abstract = {Abstract Ubiquitous computing technologies are slowly finding their way into commercial information systems, which are often constructed at considerably larger scale compared to what is possible in research demonstrators. Furthermore, lengthy and costly preparation or upgrade of existing infrastructures, training of employees and users in the new ways of working, controlled introduction of new functionality, features and services to manage risk, unexpected behaviors due to the wider variety of possible real-world situations, incremental approach to systems development so as to better identify successful aspects, regard for the economics of systems as a core requirement, and selection of open or closed systems are all issues that are mostly outside the scope of current ubiquitous computing research but play a critical role in industrial deployments. In this paper we review two case studies of fully operational Radio Frequency Identification-based systems: the Oyster card ticketing system used at the London Underground in the UK, and retail applications deployed at the Mitsukoshi departmental stores
in Tokyo, Japan. We examine each case in terms of technologies, user interactions, and their business and organizational context and make several observations
in each case. We conclude by drawing general lessons related to ubiquitous computing in the real world and identify challenges for future ubiquitous computing research.},
	Annote = {http://www.girardin.org/fabien/blog/2007/04/11/ubiquitous-computing-in-the-real-world-lessons-learnt-from-large-scale-rfid-deployments/

Konomi, S., and Roussos, G. Ubiquitous computing in the real world: lessons learnt from large scale rfid deployments. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing (2006).

This article takes part of the train of thoughts on the inherent antagonisms of ubiquitous computing reality and the seamless calm computing vision advocated by some academic research. It does so by examining two fully operational Radio Frequency Identification-based systems: the Oyster card ticketing system used at the London Underground in the UK, and retail applications deployed at the Mitsukoshi departmental stores in Tokyo, Japan. Each case study is analyzed through the terms of technologies, user interactions, and their business and organizational context. As a result, the authors highlight that the real world has concerns that are rarely dealt with in research.

    Ubiquitous computing in the real world has concerns that are rarely dealt with in research. Lengthy and costly preparation or upgrade of existing infrastructures; training of employees and users in the new ways of working; controlled introduction of new functionality; features and services to manage risk; unexpected behaviors due to the wider variety of possible real world situations; incremental approach to systems development so as to better identify successful aspects; regard for the economics of systems as a core requirement; and selection of open or closed systems, are all issues that are mostly outside the scope of current ubiquitous computing research, but seem to play a critical role in both case studies we consider here.

As a consequence, so far, the ubicomp of the present is made of isolated islands of functionality rather than a seamlessly connect whole. That brings the authors to define the challenges for ubicomp research around taking into consideration of the constraints of the real world but also in bringing a more user-oriented approach to research practices:

    Therein lies the challenge for ubiquitous computing research: how not only to learn about the concerns of those developing systems in the real world but more importantly, how to translate principles, guidelines and models discovered in the context of research into useful tools for building ubiquitous computing systems in the real world. Bringing the two communities closer together and communicating lessons learnt in ubiquitous computing research so as to inform practical system design and development can have profound implications for the success or the failure of the ubiquitous computing vision.

Relation to my thesis: My research on spatial uncertainty revolves around the gap between practice and the state of the art in research. (That is in other words understanding both the concerns of the real world and the expectations of the users to build useful location aware application). This gap is well described by papers such as this one. I also ground my approach on the critique of researchers and technologies that absolve themselves for responsibilities for the present.
},
	Author = {Shin'ichi Konomi and George Roussos},
	Date-Added = {2007-04-11 20:08:27 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-04-11 21:23:46 +0200},
	Journal = {Personal and Ubiquitous Computing},
	Keywords = {vision, case studies},
	Local-Url = {file://localhost/Users/fabien/Documents/papers/ubicomp_real_world.pdf},
	M3 = {10.1007/s00779-006-0116-1},
	Title = {Ubiquitous computing in the real world: lessons learnt from large scale RFID deployments},
	Ty = {JOUR},
	Url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00779-006-0116-1},
	Year = {2006}}

@article{Eagle:2006,
	Address = {London, UK},
	Author = {Nathan Eagle and Alex (Sandy) Pentland},
	Date-Added = {2007-04-01 19:28:58 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-04-01 19:29:14 +0200},
	Doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00779-005-0046-3},
	Issn = {1617-4909},
	Journal = {Personal Ubiquitous Comput.},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {255--268},
	Publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
	Title = {Reality mining: sensing complex social systems},
	Volume = {10},
	Year = {2006}}

@article{Ratti:2006,
	Abstract = {The technology for determining the geographic location of cell phones and other hand-held devices is becoming increasingly available. It is opening the way to a wide range of applications, collectively referred to as Location Based Services (LBS), that are primarily aimed at individual users. However, if deployed to retrieve aggregated data in cities, LBS could become a powerful tool for urban analysis. This paper aims to review and introduce the potential of this technology to the urban planning community. In addition, it presents the `Mobile Landscapes' project: an application in the metropolitan area of Milan, Italy, based on the geographical mapping of cell phone usage at different times of the day. The results enable a graphic representation of the intensity of urban activities and their evolution through space and time. Finally, a number of future applications are discussed and their potential for urban studies and planning is assessed.},
	Annote = {http://www.girardin.org/fabien/blog/2007/03/31/mobile-landscapes-using-location-data-from-cell-phones-for-urban-analysis/

Ratti C, Pulselli R M, Williams S, Frenchman D, 2006, ``Mobile Landscapes: using location data from cell phones for urban analysis'' Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 33(5) 727 -- 748

In this seminal paper, Carlo Ratti defines the research in the application of Location-Based Services to urban studies. At first he summarizes the state of the art in location determination techniques and their implication related to privacy. Then, he presents the potential from the results of case study in the metropolitan area of Milan, Italy.

In Milan, Ratti explored the way GSM traces can contribute to urban understanding. In a 16 days temporal framework, some patterns could be extracted such as those happening with day/night and working/weekend periodicity. The information gleaned from a urban studies perspectives mainly rely on geovisualizations (e.g. showing the intensity of traffic at a given position in space with thermorgraphy maps). One use could be to infer the ``character'' of a neighborhood. For example, neighborhoods with high evening and early morning cellphone traffic are likely to have a stronger residential character. An interesting aspect to see the variation in time above maps would be to estimate the flows in and out of the city, such as patterns of daily communities, weekday versus weekend activities, holiday movements.

Ratti Cell Activity
I could plot something similar with the accuracy used over the time of the day for a specific neighborhood.

Ep Misc B32047 B3204711
Maps showing areas with different cell phone call density in the metropolitan region of Milan. Data between 4 and 8pm.

Relation to my thesis: Ratti mentions that ``the pervasive deployment of new technologies is transorming urban patterns, making the more complex and fluid. Greater mobility and freedom are changing the way living and using public and private spaces``. Similarly there is a growing number of data to understand this transformation. Part of my current experiment joins this effort on the use of new technologies to describe cities. That is, how can explicitly geotagged information contribute to urban understanding. I believe it can highlight a number of interesting patterns for tourists and citizens to view a city, such as those happening with day/night and working/weekend periodicity.

This type of investigation based on spatio-temporal traces of people and crowds relate to the work of Raper and Mountain, and Nathan Eagle, as well as for years in Transportation Research.
},
	Author = {C. Ratti and R. M. Pulselli and S. Williams and D. Frenchman},
	Date-Added = {2007-03-31 16:32:31 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-03-31 16:39:07 +0200},
	Journal = {Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design},
	Keywords = {information visualization},
	Local-Url = {file://localhost/Users/fabien/Documents/papers/RattiPulselliWilliamsFrenchman2005E&PB.pdf},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {727 -- 748},
	Title = {Mobile Landscapes: Using Location Data From Cell-phones for Urban Analysis},
	Url = {http://senseable.mit.edu/papers/pdf/RattiPulselliWilliamsFrenchman2005E&PB.pdf},
	Volume = {33},
	Year = {2006}}

@inproceedings{Mountain:2001,
	Abstract = {As phones become "location-aware" over the coming years there is an opportunity to not only ascertain a user's physical location when they make a query, but to store and analyse a history of previous locations. Given user approval, analysis of the spatio-temporal characteristics of the user's current and recent movement can help improve the response to information requests. The EU funded Hypergeo project (www.hypergeo.org) is developing a prototype tourist information system to provide individuals with personalised, location dependent information on the move via handheld computers and connections to the mobile network. As part of this project the GI Science Group at City University have developed a prototype device that can send a user's location over the GSM network and have accumulated large archives of spatio-temporal data for several individuals. These archives are now being analysed in an attempt to produce automated approaches to summarising individual position histories. This will help to derive higher level information from the spatio-temporal data such as enclosing rectangles of typical movement and estimates of current transportation mode.},
	Annote = {http://www.girardin.org/fabien/blog/2007/03/31/modelling-human-spatio-temporal-behaviour-a-challenge-for-location-based-services/

Mountain, D., Raper, J.F., 2001. Modelling human spatio-temporal behaviour: a challenge for location-based services. In: Proc. of the 6th Internat. Conference on GeoComputation. University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, 24-26 September 2001.

With the proliferation of location-aware devices large amount of individuals spatial and temporal record of where they have been and when they were there can be stored. This paper describes an number of algorithms for tailoring and analyze accumulated archives of spatio-temporal data generated by location-aware applications. The aim of this work is to produce automated approaches to summarize individual position histories. This helps to derive high level human behaviror from spatio-temporal data such as enclosing rectangles of typical movement and estimates of transportation mode.

Scientist researching the physics of space and time pioneered in the modelling of phenomena against a spatio-temportal framework. Minkowski for example visualised space and time as a light cone defining a boundary between past and future accessible locations.

Minkowski Cone-1
``All movement must be contained within this region in space-time since nothing can travel faster than the speed of light''. (Rapper 2000) .

Torsten H{\"a}gerstrand inspired from Minkowski to theorize ``Time Geography``. In this framework, a individual movement can be described as a space-time path whose gradient represents velocity across the 2-dimensional surface. A vertical line represents no movement and increasingly horizontally sloped lines show faster velocities.

Location Trend Extractor
Spatial and temporal views

Summarizing spatio-temporal behaviors starts with breaking down the large history of points into discreet temporal sections, each section representing an episode. The key to define episode is finding breakpoints in the data. The main indicators of breackpoints are:
Temporal/spatial jumps, rapid changes in direction/speed, spatial envelopes, temporal envelopes, map display envelopes. The latest being extremely related to my interest in ways to understand and deliver the granularity of location information:

    An application of an envelope is holding the bounding coordinates for map display for the real time delivery of an orientation map for a mobile user. The map scale needs to be context sensitive and this can be achieved by assessing the user's speed and direction. A user travelling at very slow speed, possibly associated with `on foot' or `low speed motor' transport behaviour, will require a high resolution map, displaying minor roads and pedestrian routes, centred on their current location. A user travelling at high speed will require a coarser resolution map, centred ahead of their current location; either a direct extrapolation from their current direction or a more complex algorithm based on the transportation
    network.

Relation to my thesis: People are consumer of time and space. A goal of my current experiment is to develop a new data models and forms of analysis to find spatial and temporal trends and patterns based on explicit, user-generated traces (in contrast to GPS or GSM traces). Understanding how people and crowds explicitly consume space could lead to the emergence of types of granularity of location information, as described in this paper by ``map display envelopes''.
},
	Author = {D. Mountain and J.F. Raper},
	Booktitle = {6th Internat. Conference on GeoComputation},
	Date-Added = {2007-03-31 14:57:43 +0200},
	Date-Modified = {2007-03-31 16:40:12 +0200},
	Keywords = {transportation},
	Local-Url = {file://localhost/Users/fabien/Documents/papers/mountain.pdf},
	Month = {September},
	Organization = {University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia},
	Title = {Modelling human spatio-temporal behaviour: a challenge for location-based services},
	Year = {2001}}

@inproceedings{Sebrechts:1999,
	Abstract = {Although there have been many prototypes of visualization in support of information retrieval, there has been little systematic evaluation that distinguishes the benefits of the visualization per se from that of various accompanying features. The current study focuses on such an evaluation of NIRVE, a tool that supports
visualization of search results. Insofar as possible, functionally equivalent 3D, 2D, and text versions of NIRVE were implemented. Nine novices and six professional users completed a series of information-seeking tasks on a set of retrieved documents. There were high interface costs for the 3D visualization, although those costs decreased substantially with experience. Performance was best when the tool's properties matched task demands; only under the right combination of task,
user, and interface did 3D visualization result in performance comparable to functionally matched 2D and textual tools.},
	Annote = {Sebrechts, M. M., Cugini, J., Laskowski, S. J., Vasilakis, J., and Miller, M. S. Visualization of search results: A comparative evaluation of text, 2d, and 3d interfaces. In SIGIR (1999), pp. 3--10.

This paper reports on a controlled comparison of text, 2D, and 3D approaches to a set of fairly typical information seeking tasks on a small collection of 100 top ranked documents. The results of this study suggest that reduction of the user mental workload is dependent upon an appropriate mapping among the interface, the task, and the user. For example, there were high interface costs for the 3D visualization, although those costs decreased substantially with experience. In terms of performance, only under the right combination of task, user, and interface did 3D visualization result in performance comparable to functionally matched 2D and textual tools.

Relation to my thesis: I investigate ways to visualizing location information and try to understand the relevance of the emergence of 3D representations of the urban space (Google Earth Berlin, Barcelona 3D). We know how to build 3D model and we now have tools to deliver them, but then what...? Visualization techniques derives in a large part form their ability to reduce mental workload. Is it really the case for 3D visualizations of urban spaces? Therefore, what types of location information are more relevant in text, 2D or 3D. What tasks are better solved? What mental workload is necessary over time? This paper provides some answers in the domain of information search, highlighting the cost of 3D that then decreases substantially with the experience.},
	Author = {Marc M. Sebrechts and John Cugini and Sharon J. Laskowski and Joanna Vasilakis and Michael S. Miller},
	Bibsource = {DBLP, http://dblp.uni-trier.de},
	Booktitle = {SIGIR},
	Crossref = {DBLP:conf/sigir/99},
	Date-Added = {2007-03-23 13:14:44 +0100},
	Date-Modified = {2007-03-23 13:26:52 +0100},
	Ee = {db/conf/sigir/SebrechtsCLVM99.html, http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/312624.312634},
	Keywords = {information visualization},
	Local-Url = {file://localhost/Users/fabien/Documents/papers/sigir-paper-jun99.pdf},
	Pages = {3-10},
	Title = {Visualization of Search Results: A Comparative Evaluation
 of Text, 2D, and 3D Interfaces.},
	Year = {1999}}

@article{Davies:2005,
	Abstract = {This issue's articles represent some of the best recent advances in applying rapid prototyping to ubiquitous systems development.},
	Annote = {http://www.girardin.org/fabien/blog/2007/02/18/rapid-prototyping-for-ubiquitous-computing/

Davies, N., Landay, J., Hudson, S., and Schmidt, A. Guest editors' introduction: Rapid prototyping for ubiquitous computing. Pervasive Computing, IEEE 4, 4 (Oct.-Dec. 2005), 15-- 17.

The authors suggest that, as in earlier HCI efforts, the progress in prototyping methods and tools is central overcome the barriers to widespread development and deployment of ubicomp. Rapid prototyping techniques can partially solve the current dilemma of researchers and developers who must concentrate on their specific area to advance technology rather than expend effort on broad system-implementation issues. Low-fidelity prototyping can adapt to the pervasive computing requirements and proves to be an essential means to address the questions about user performance and user acceptance.

This paper serves as introduction to Prototypes in the Wild: Lessons from Three Ubicomp Systems.

Relation to my thesis: A useful ref for my ``in sitiu'' approach of location-aware system evaluation. Actually, the authors describe it as:

    Research shows that prototyping and deploying systems for study is important to understanding how systems fit into the user's world and how they can be used effectively. Designing, building, and deploying systems help both researchers and developers better understand a particular application domain's key issues. This issue provides a rich body of experience in issues associated with prototype deployment.

},
	Author = {N. Davies and J. Landay and S. Hudson and A. Schmidt},
	Date-Added = {2007-02-17 22:20:45 +0100},
	Date-Modified = {2007-02-18 13:41:31 +0100},
	Journal = {Pervasive Computing, IEEE},
	Keywords = {human-computer interaction, rapid prototyping, ubiquitous computing},
	Local-Url = {file://localhost/Users/fabien/Documents/papers/b4015.pdf},
	Month = {Oct.-Dec.},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {15- 17},
	Title = {Guest Editors' Introduction: Rapid Prototyping for Ubiquitous Computing},
	Volume = {4},
	Year = {2005}}

@inproceedings{Rogers:2006,
	Abstract = {Abstract. A motivation behind much UbiComp research has been to make our lives convenient, comfortable and informed, following in the footsteps of Weiser's calm computing vision. Three themes that have dominated are context awareness, ambient intelligence and monitoring/tracking. While these avenues of research have been fruitful their accomplishments do not match up to anything like Weiser's world. This paper discusses why this is so and argues that is time for a change of direction in the field. An alternative agenda is outlined that focuses on engaging rather than calming people. Humans are very resourceful at exploiting their environments and extending their capabilities using existing strategies and tools. I describe how pervasive technologies can be added to the mix, outlining three areas of practice where there is much potential for professionals and laypeople alike to combine, adapt and use them in creative and constructive ways.},
	Annote = {http://www.girardin.org/fabien/blog/2007/02/06/moving-on-from-weisers-vision-of-calm-computing-engaging-ubicomp-experiences/

Rogers, Y. Moving on from weiser's vision of calm computing: Engaging ubicomp experiences. In Ubicomp (2006), pp. 404--421.

This paper urges for an alternative agenda in ubicomp research that shifts from Weiser's calm vision to engaging people (i.e. proactive computing, persuasive computing, engaged living). Yvonne Rogers acknowledges that research in context awareness, ambient intelligence and monitoring/tracking have been somehow fruitful. However they have yet failed to reach Weiser's world. Indeed, there is an enormous gap between the dream of conformable, informed and effortless living and the accomplishment of UbiComp research. In fact, the fundamental stumbling block has been harnessing the huge variability in what people do, their motives for doing it, when they do it and how they do it. While it has been possible to develop a range of simple ubicomp systems that can offer relevant information at opportune moment, it is proving to be much more difficult to build truly smart systems that can understand or accurately model people's behaviors, moods and intentions. This makes it difficult, if not impossible, to try to implement context in any practical sense and from which to make sensible predictions about what someone is feeling, wanting or needing at a given moment. Therefore, ubicomp technologies should be designed not to do things for people but to engage them more actively in what they currently do. Rather than calm living it promotes engaged living, where technology is designed to enable people to do what they want, need or never even considered before by acting in and upon the environment. Examples include extending and supporting personal, cognitive and social processes such as habit-changing, problem solving, creating, analyzing, learning or performing a skill.

The author mentions the problems of calm computing in the most prominent ubicomp research themes (i.e. context-aware computing, ambient/ubiquitous intelligence and recording/tracking and monitoring).

Context-awareness
Key questions in context-aware computing concern what to sense, what form and what kind of information to represent to augment ongoing activities. Many of the sensor technologies, however, have been beset with detection and precision limitations, sometimes resulting in unreliable and inaccurate data. While newer technological developments may enable more accurate data to be detected and collected it. However, people often behave in unpredictable and subtle ways in their day-to-day contexts. Therefore, it is likely that context-aware systems will only ever be successful in highly constrained settings.

Ambient and Ubiquitous Intelligence
While there have been significant advances in computer vision, speech recognition and gesture-based detection, the reality of multimodal interfaces -- that can predict and deliver with accuracy and sensitivity what is assumed people want or need -- is a long way off. In consequence, when a ubiquitous computing system gets it wrong -- which is likely to be considerably more frequent -- it is likely to be more frustrating and we are likely to be less forgiving.

Recording, Tracking and Monitoring
Much of the discussion about the human aspects in ubicomp has been primarily about the trade-offs between security and privacy, convenience and privacy, and informedness and privacy. This focus has often been at the expense of other human concerns receiving less airing, such as how recording, tracking and re-representing movements and other information can be used to facilitate social and cognitive processes.

Yvonne mentions 2 goals of my research, one being to use ubicomp technologies in the wild, the other to evaluate how to present data and information:

    In addition, more studies are needed of UbiComp technologies being used in situ or the wild -- to help illuminate how people can construct, appropriate and use them. With respect to interaction design issues, we need to consider how to represent and present data and information that will enable people to more extensively compute, analyze, integrate, inquire and make decisions; how to design appropriate kinds of interfaces and interaction styles for combinations of devices, displays and tools; and how to provide transparent systems that people can understand sufficiently to know how to control and interact with them.

Currently, the more engaging approach is beginning to happen through the areas of playful and learning practices, scientific practices and persuasive practices.

As already mentioned in Comparing AI's Failures with Ubicomp's Visions, Yvonne Rogers concludes on ``strong'' and ``weak'' UbiComp.

    Just as `strong' AI failed to achieve its goals -- where it was assumed that ``the computer is not merely a tool in the study of the mind; rather, the appropriately programmed computer really is a mind'', it appears that `strong' UbiComp is suffering from the same fate. And just as `weak' AI2 revived AI's fortunes, so, too, can `weak' UbiComp bring success to the field.

Relation to my thesis: I would argue that current ``strong'' UbiComp problems not only lays on modelling people and their activities, but also in the integration ubicomp systems in the real-world (e.g. co-existence of systems, real-world constraints). I enjoy the difference between what is ``relevant'' and what is ``smart'', as I find the word smart or intelligent are widely (over)misused. Finally, the agenda proposed in this article, goes in the direction of my research: in sitiu (out of the lab) studies, investigate the playful approach of ubicomp and how to present relevant information rather than seeking the seamlessness utopia.
},
	Author = {Yvonne Rogers},
	Bibsource = {DBLP, http://dblp.uni-trier.de},
	Booktitle = {Ubicomp},
	Crossref = {DBLP:conf/huc/2006},
	Date-Added = {2007-02-06 13:08:19 +0100},
	Date-Modified = {2007-02-06 13:12:46 +0100},
	Ee = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11853565_24},
	Keywords = {ubiquitous computing, vision},
	Local-Url = {file://localhost/Users/fabien/Documents/papers/Rogers_Ubicomp06.pdf},
	Pages = {404-421},
	Title = {Moving on from Weiser's Vision of Calm Computing: Engaging
 UbiComp Experiences.},
	Year = {2006}}

@article{Suomela:2004,
	Abstract = {Location-based data is digital information that has a real-world location. Location-based data can be used for many purposes, such as providing additional information on real-world objects or helping a user in a specific task. Access to such data can be provided in many ways, for example, with augmented reality (AR)
systems. AR techniques can help its user in various tasks and the AR data can be presented to the user in various ways, depending on the task at hand. The different visualizations that can be used are heavily dependent on the hardware platform and, thus, all technologies are not suitable for every situation. This paper studies two factors that affect the visualization of location-based data. The two factors are the environment model they use, ranging from three dimensions (3D) to no dimensions (0D) at all; and the viewpoint, whether it is a first-person or a third-person view. As a result, we define a taxonomy for visualizing location-based data, where each model--view (MV) combination is referred to using its MV number. We also present numerous case studies with different MV values.},
	Annote = {Suomela, R., and Lehikoinen, J. Taxonomy for visualizing location-based information. Virtual Reality 8, 2 (2004), 71--82.

This paper concentrates on analyzing different visualizations for location-based applications. It studies two factors that affect the visualization of location-based data. The two factors are the environment model they use, ranging from three dimensions (3D) to no dimensions (0D) at all; and the viewpoint, whether it is a first-person or a third-person view. The authors suggest a taxonomy featuring  model-views (MV) for visualizing location-based data.

The environment model is used to denote how many dimensions the application uses in visualizing the environment. If no environment model is used, the user does not gain specific location information of an object, except that the object might be somewhere close by.
*  3D environment model: these applications have an accurate 3D model of the environment and they place the location-based data onto its actual location in either the virtual or augmented view
* 2D environment model: the locations of the virtual objects are accurately projected onto a plane
* 1D environment model: application only shows one aspect of the location-based data
* No environment model: the applications present the data to the user but nothing about its location or relation to the user

The user's view to the location-based data is one of the two:
* First person view: the user views the location-based data from a user-centric view, and the location-based data is spread around him or her
* Third person view: the user views both the location-based data and his or her representation

The first-person views, MV(x, 1), can help the user in wayfinding and provide additional information on objects. It is easy to show where the next waypoint is or the direction to it, and all visible real-world objects can be digitally augmented with additional information. The third-person views on the other hand can show the user a much wider area in all the directions around the user, as they are not restricted to the user's current viewpoint and orientation.

Navigational tasks and views
For some tasks, the egocentric views are better, while for other tasks, some other views would be preferred. Navigational tasks with digital maps can be defined as searching tasks (na{\"\i}ve search and primed search), and exploration tasks. A fourth task can be defined as a targeted search. In a targeted search, the target is shown on the map; in primed search, the target is known, but does not appear on the map; in na{\"\i}ve search, there is no a prior knowledge of the position of the target, and the target is not shown on the map; in exploration, no specific target has been set.

Alignment
An important aspect concerning maps and navigation is alignment; that is, it specifies how the map is oriented with respect to the user and the environment. A map may be reader aligned, in which case the orientation of the map remains constant with regard to the reader's body. An environment-aligned map, on the contrary, is oriented consistently with regard to the environment; in other words, north on the map always corresponds to north in the environment.

People difficulties in map reading
Even though a 2D map display is a well known visualization technique, it has been found that the most severe problem with
using traditional 2D maps is the inability to understand the spatial relationships between the real-world objects, and, therefore, to match the map and terrain model in one's mind (a study shows suggests that up to 64% of the population have difficulties in map reading.

Models and location accuracy
Not all of the models need similar accuracy for the location. The AR applications need to determine the user's viewpoint very accurately, as they need to know how the real world is aligned to the user. On the other hand, applications that only list the virtual objects do
not need to know the location very accurately.

Examples from the taxonomy

3D environment model: first person view; MV(3, 1)


3D environment model: third person view; MV(3, 3)


2D environment model: first person view; MV(2, 1)

For example, car navigation system
2D environment model: third person view; MV(2, 3)

The application only needs to know the user's location; other sensor information is not necessary. Increasing the map scale can compensate for an inaccurate location of the user, but if the user's location is not know accurately, there is no point in showing "You Are Here". Previous studies have shown that a map is easier to use if it is aligned forward up.
1D environment model: third person view; MV(1, 3)

Relation to my thesis: The authors mentions the relation between the model and accuracy to position the user's viewpoint. Yet, they suggest that virtual objects do not need to be perfectly located. If the hardware does not have accurate sensors, the third-person views might be more user-friendly. This still has to be studies and proved. Moreover, they mention that "location-based information is, typically, a set of virtual objects in a certain area, and that virtual object have a precise location in the real world". I do not agree about virtual object having a precise location, when one think for example of Flickr geotagged images attached to the an area (i.e. a place) and not a position. Many times, an area does not have clear limits such as walls and people have different perspective of an area.
The model lack of the time dimension, since virtual objects are not necessarily fixed.

Relevant reference:
Aretz AJ (1991) The design of electronic map displays. Hum Factors 33(1):85--101
},
	Author = {Riku Suomela and Juha Lehikoinen},
	Bibsource = {DBLP, http://dblp.uni-trier.de},
	Date-Added = {2007-01-19 15:32:06 +0100},
	Date-Modified = {2007-01-19 16:54:27 +0100},
	Ee = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10055-004-0139-8},
	Journal = {Virtual Reality},
	Keywords = {information visualization, location-awareness},
	Local-Url = {file://localhost/Users/fabien/Documents/papers/viz_location_based_info.pdf},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {71-82},
	Title = {Taxonomy for visualizing location-based information.},
	Volume = {8},
	Year = {2004}}

@article{Borriello:2005,
	Abstract = {Location-enhanced applications are poised to become the first real-world example of ubiquitous computing [10]. Here, we emphasize the practical aspects of getting location-enhanced applications deployed on existing devices, such as laptops, tablets, PDAs, and cell phones, without the need to purchase additional sensors or install special infrastructure. Our goal is to provide an overview of the practical considerations currently faced, and the research challenges that lie ahead. We ground the article with a summary of initial work on two deployments of location-enhanced computing: multiplayer location-based games and a guide for the Edinburgh Festival.},
	Annote = {Borriello, G., Chalmers, M., LaMarca, A., and Nixon, P. Delivering real-world ubiquitous location systems. Commun. ACM 48, 3 (2005), 36--41.

This paper emphasize on the practical aspects of getting location-enhanced application deployed on existing devices without installing special infrastructure. It provides an overview of different types of ubiquitous location system. Based on two case studies, the authors reveal some interesting issues in the deployment of location-aware systems such as:

Edinburgh is an old city with many narrow streets and high buildings; its latitude of 55$\,^{\circ}$ north---almost as far north as Alaska---accentuates the urban canyon effects that hamper GPS.
[...]
On average, one or more access points were detected 48% of the time, and Place Lab could provide an accurate location. Two or more access points were detected for only 22% of the time. Indeed, the overall detection rate increased from 48% to 69% when excluding period of time visitors appeared to be indoors.
[...]
The game designers were surprised, for example, that rain, snow, and leaves on trees strongly affect WiFi and GPS.
[...]
The transfer of packets to and from access points can show significant asymmetry, and high packet loss can occur despite apparent network access.

Even if not standing in opposition to research aimed at improving accuracy and broadening availability, the authors suggest that we should offer pragmatic solutions while we continue to improve, adapt, evaluate the underlying technology of ubiquitous location systems.

Relation to my thesis: A reference I can use in a position paper for the workshop on Common Models and Patterns for Pervasive Computing to highlight the issues of deploying a WiFi-based location system such as CatchBob!. Besides the issues and challenges mentioned in this paper, I will add (among others things) the the uniqueness capabilities of pervasive devices.},
	Author = {Gaetano Borriello and Matthew Chalmers and Anthony LaMarca and Paddy Nixon},
	Bibsource = {DBLP, http://dblp.uni-trier.de},
	Date-Added = {2007-01-18 23:55:17 +0100},
	Date-Modified = {2007-01-19 00:28:13 +0100},
	Ee = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1047671.1047701},
	Journal = {Commun. ACM},
	Keywords = {location techniques, location-awareness},
	Local-Url = {file://localhost/Users/fabien/Documents/papers/gb.pdf},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {36-41},
	Title = {Delivering real-world ubiquitous location systems.},
	Volume = {48},
	Year = {2005}}

@article{Hazas:2004,
	Abstract = {At the core of invisible computing is context awareness, the concept of sensing and reacting to dynamic environments and activities. Location is a crucial component of context, and much research in the past decade has focused on location-sensing technologies, location-aware application support, and location-based applications. With numerous factors driving deployment of sensing technologies, location-aware computing may soon become a part of everyday life.},
	Author = {Mike Hazas and James Scott and John Krumm},
	Bibsource = {DBLP, http://dblp.uni-trier.de},
	Date-Added = {2007-01-18 23:28:35 +0100},
	Date-Modified = {2007-01-18 23:32:01 +0100},
	Ee = {http://csdl.computer.org/comp/mags/co/2004/02/r2095abs.htm},
	Journal = {IEEE Computer},
	Keywords = {location-awareness, location techniques},
	Local-Url = {file://localhost/Users/fabien/Documents/papers/Hazas04_Location-AwareComputingComesofAge.pdf},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {95-97},
	Title = {Location-Aware Computing Comes of Age.},
	Volume = {37},
	Year = {2004}}

@article{Bell:2007,
	Abstract = {Ubiquitous computing is unusual amongst technological research arenas. Most areas of computer science research, such as programming language implementation, distributed operating system design, or denotational semantics, are defined largely by technical problems, and driven by building upon and elaborating a body of past results. Ubiquitous computing, by contrast, encompasses a wide range of disparate technological areas brought together by a focus upon a common vision. It is driven, then, not so much by the problems of the past but by the possibilities of the future. Ubiquitous computing's vision, however, is over a decade old at this point, and we now inhabit the future imagined by its pioneers. The future, though, may not have worked out as the field collectively imagined. In
this article, we explore the vision that has driven the ubiquitous computing research agenda and the contemporary practice that has emerged. Drawing on crosscultural investigations of technology adoption, we argue for developing a ``ubicomp of the present'' which takes the messiness of everyday life as a central theme.},
	Annote = {http://www.girardin.org/fabien/blog/2007/01/18/yesterdays-tomorrows-notes-on-ubiquitous-computings-dominant-vision/

Bell, G. and Dourish, P. In press. Yesterday's Tomorrows: Notes on Ubiquitous Computing's Dominant Vision. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing.

In this article, the authors advocate for developing a ``ubiquitous of the present'' which takes the messiness of everyday life as a central theme. The argumentation is organized around three framing points: ubicomp is already here, but does not have the form we envisioned, the futurist vision of ubicomp allows researchers for responsibilities for the present, and ubicomp is inherently messy.

Ubicomp is present
Ubicomp is essentially defined by its vision of a technological future. The literature carries the idea the ubicomp research is exploring prototypes of tomorrow's everyday technology and everyday experience is a pervasive one. However, when we look outside of the research laboratory (based on 2 case studies in Korea and Singapore in this paper), the author look at ubiquitous computing. They argue that ubicomp is already here; it simply has not taken the form that we originally envisaged and continue to conjure in our visions of tomorrow.

The vision as excuse
The framing of ubicomp as something yet to be achieved allows researchers and technologies to absolve themselves for responsibilities for the present; the problems of ubiquitous computing are framed as implementation issues that are, essentially, someone else's problem, to be cleaned up afterwards as part of the broad march of technology.

Ubicomp is messy, seamlessnes is a misleading vision

    The seamlessly interconnected world of future scenarios is at best a misleading vision and at worst a downright dangerous one. [{\ldots}] Dealing with the messiness of everyday life should be a central element of ubicomp's research agenda. In practice, though, we see that infrastructures are continually visible and must be consciously attended to in the course of everyday encounters with ubiquitous computing, from the vagaries of network access to the structure of service billing. [{\ldots}] Infrastructures remain messy after decades or centuries, as the user of any transit system from urban subways to international airlines can attest. [{\ldots}] The crux of her approach is to look at infrastructure as a relational concept; an infrastructure is an infrastructure only from the perspective of specific peoples and technologies. [{\ldots}] In other words, infrastructures are messy. The messiness that we experience in laboratory ubiquitous computing infrastructures is not a property of prototype technologies, of the bleeding edge, or of pragmatic compromise; messiness is a property of infrastructure itself. Infrastructures are inherently messy; uneven in their operation and their availability. [{\ldots}] Mobile telephony, after all, offers widespread coverage, but is neither truly ubiquitous nor truly seamless; incompatible standards, spotty regional coverage, etc., seem like obstacles that we must still overcome before the ubiquitous computing vision can be realized. But postulating a seamless infrastructure is a strategy whereby the messy present can be ignored, although infrastructure is always unevenly distributed, always messy. An indefinitely postponed ubicomp future is one that need never take account of this complexity. [{\ldots}] Infrastructures, then, be they networks of car mechanics, medical categories, or power sources, are never seamless in the ways in which they are put to work. They are sites of negotiation and contest, compromise and coordination, approximation and partial agreement. They are unevenly distributed and unevenly available. They are continually in flux, and brought into local stability only through active engagement and coordination. Infrastructure itself is a relational property; it describes a relationship between technology, people, and practice. [{\ldots}] It is not merely a dream of a world not yet realized; it is a dream of a world that could never be realized.

Relation to my thesis: The observation of ubicomp as inherently messy is at the core and a trigger of my research. Ubicomp literature mainly contain studies and prototypes embracing the seamless utopia. I wrote my paper Getting real with ubiquitous computing: the impact of discrepancies on collaboration partially in reaction to the ``perfect-world'' expectations around ubicomp. Weiser's humanist vision did not fit at all my observations during the CatchBob! experiments. Bell and Dourish they take a very similar perspective as Adam Greenfield in Everyware claiming that ubicomp is here. This is probably something that was missing in my paper. I failed to notice the arrival of ubiquitous computing is rooted (at least in part) because it has been so much rooted around the idea of seamless interoperation and homogeneity.
},
	Author = {G. Bell and P. Dourish},
	Date-Added = {2007-01-18 20:19:24 +0100},
	Date-Modified = {2007-07-09 10:55:14 +0200},
	Journal = {Personal and Ubiquitous Computing},
	Keywords = {ubiquitous computing, theory},
	Local-Url = {file://localhost/Users/fabien/Documents/papers/BellDourish-YesterdaysTomorrows.pdf},
	Title = {Yesterday's Tomorrows: Notes on Ubiquitous Computing's Dominant Vision},
	Year = {2006}}

@inproceedings{Licoppe:2005,
	Abstract = {We present a case study about the uses in Japan of a geo-localised mobile game. The gameplay is that of a  collection game where users, which are  able to communicate between one another within a game-related text  messaging system, must gather sets of related objects, that are both "virtual'' and localized (that is accessible only within a given cell). The key feature is a virtual onscreen map that is continuously reset with each server request, and which features geo-localized players and virtual  objects within a radius of approximately one kilometer.  
 
This particular interface therefore allows players to ``see'' one another onscreen. We analyze the interactional conventions that develop through such mediated encounter and more specifically how ``seing'' one another in this way and the geographical closeness it entails become a pretext to start text-messaging exchanges, even between unknown players. We discuss the ways in which such encounters involving mutual perception on the screen of the mobile phone are still embodied, by analyzing the work users occasionally accomplish to realign the onscreen perspective with their embodied one. We eventually describe some typical interactional patterns that may develop from such onscreen encounters and provide them with meaning, namely apparent civil inattention and lateral noticing by text 
messaging, or gift-giving practice between experts and newbies. 
 
This case study of an advanced geo-localized game provides a first glimpse of what the experience of living in a mobile-based augmented urban public space might be like, and of the kind of social order that might characterize it. },
	Address = {Hungarian Academy of Sciences},
	Annote = {http://www.girardin.org/fabien/blog/2005/12/01/the-uses-off-a-geo-localized-mobile-game-in-japan/

``Seing'' one another onscreen and the construction of social order in mobile-based augmented public space by Christian Licoppe and Yoriko Inada, Learning in the Mobile Age Conference (Hungarian Academy of Sciences, April 28--30, 2005).

In this paper (that follows this one) the authors present a case study about the use of Mogi-Mogi, a geo-localized mobile game in Japan. They analize how ``seing'' one another onscreen and geographical closeness it entails become a pretext to start text-messaging exchanges and face-to-face meeting.

Mogi-Mogi is indeed the first advanced, somehow popular (around 1000 users) geo-localized game that could provide a glimpse of what the experience of living in a mobile-based augmented urban public space might be like. It is a great example on how context-sensitive mobile service closely binds technical protocols to social ones, especially those governing interactions in the public sphere.

Confirming mutual proximity
Onscreen encounters make the mobile screen a new type of public space, one of mutual visibility and mediated co-presence, accessible to all players. It was observed the first turn of text-message interaction is an invitation to confirm the mutual proximity:

    The opening of the interaction by an adjacent pair oriented towards enunciation and confirmation of the participants' mutual proximity is a conventional mechanism of openness characteristics of interactions in the geo-localized public space of Mogi.

Publicizing spatial position
The analysis shows that players reflexively oriented themselves towards publicizing their spatial position in order to develop specific formats of conversational openness. They cooporerated to align or desalign incorporated ``situation'' and screen ``situations''.

Polite inattention
I enjoy the definition of ``polite inattention'': strangers acknowledging each other presence without engaging into an interaction.

Uncertainty
On the side, this papers mentions a couple the technological pitfalls that influence the experience:

    * The rapidity of these connections with the game server is critical as regards to the acceptability of the game. At certain times the connection time ranged from 30 seconds to one minute, which was experience as a real problem by players
    * In explaining the ``invitation to confirm the mutual proximity'', the authors mention ``It can be mobilized again during use of the device in the form of a background of shared expectations concerning the more or less robust way in which the screen representations relate to a real location and can simultaneously be visible to other connected players''
***

The article is about how location awareness of others in mobile game Mogi Mogi is important to create affordances for social encounters, excerpts I found relevant:

a case study about the uses in Japan of a geo-localised mobile game. The gameplay is that of a collection game where users, which are able to communicate between one another within a game-related text messaging system, must gather sets of related objects, that are both ``virtual'' and localized (that is accessible only within a given cell). The
key feature is a virtual onscreen map that is continuously reset with each server request, and which features geo-localized players and virtual objects within a radius of approximately one kilometer.

This particular interface therefore allows players to ``see'' one another onscreen. We analyze the interactional onventions that develop through such mediated encounter and more specifically how ``seing'' one another in this way and the geographical closeness it entails become a pretext to start text-messaging exchanges, even between unknown players.

This case study of an advanced geo-localized game provides a first glimpse of what the experience of living in a mobile-based augmented urban public space might be like, and of the kind of social order that might characterize it.

The empirical work draws on a series of in-depth interviews with ten players who had played actively for over three months, and on the analysis of a large anonymous corpus of mobile messages exchanged between the players.

The `onscreen encounter' in which the protagonists are able to perceive their respective icons on the screen map and to share that perception configures a form of encounter peculiar to context-aware cooperative devices like Mogi.

We have analysed how the participants reflexively oriented themselves towards publicizing their spatial position in order to develop specific formats of conversational openness. Through an analysis of written interactions between players, we have also shown how they oriented themselves in relation to potential vulnerability of their personal territories and ooperated to align or disalign incorporated 'situations' and screen 'situations'.

I am interested in the socio-cognitive functions of location-awareness, and its relation to mobile technology. In this case, we have an example of how location/proximity awareness as a social affordance to create specific encounters in the Mogi community.
},
	Author = {C. Licoppe and Y. Inada},
	Booktitle = {Proceedings of the Learning in the Mobile Age Conference},
	Date-Added = {2007-01-01 23:07:56 +0100},
	Date-Modified = {2007-01-01 23:12:23 +0100},
	Keywords = {location-awareness, case studies, qualitative research methods, uncertainty, pervasive game},
	Local-Url = {file://localhost/Users/fabien/Documents/papers/Licoppe_final.pdf},
	Month = {April},
	Title = {"Seing'' one another onscreen and the construction of social order in a mobile-based augmented public space: The uses of a geo-localized mobile game in Japan},
	Url = {http://www.fil.hu/mobil/2005/Licoppe_final.pdf},
	Year = {2005}}

@inproceedings{Chalmers:2005,
	Abstract = {New pervasive games draw upon the location of players and objects as well as the availability of several mobile players to create an appealing experience in a large game site. The games include support for interaction other players as well as with location. The advances in games research is of benefit for specific mobile work where a vast site is both topic and resource to get the job done. We discuss how these new means for annotating the location as well as sharing information with colleagues could possibly improve individual work, collaboration as well as learning.},
	Annote = {http://www.girardin.org/fabien/blog/2006/02/13/new-uses-for-mobile-pervasive-games-lessons-learned-for-cscw-systems-to-support-collaboration-in-vast-work-sites/

New uses for mobile pervasive games - Lessons learned for CSCW systems to support collaboration in vast work sites by Matthew Chalmers and Oskar Juhlin, paper for the workshop about gaming at European CSCW in September 2005.

This papers discusses how the new means for spatial annotation and location awareness could possibly improve individual work, collaboration as well as learning. It focuses on how pervasive games research platforms is of benefit for specific mobile work (like infrastructure management on roads, in factories, airports, electric power lines) for the study on complex issues of coordination, learning and articulation of work, and also the contextualised social interaction that ubicomp technology can afford. The aim is to maintain a balance between the grounded experience of real settings and the open-ended potential for technical functionality.

    There are similarities between many pervasive games and mobile work in vast settings since both have locations as resource and as topic, and more general issues to draw on with regard to how a large unfamiliar space becomes a place that one has experience of; that one understands in a social and practical way, and can interact in.

    These games do not just support the use of locations as resource in mobile game play, but also establish collaboration on finding and marking locations, and building up experience and understanding of those locations fit into a larger picture of social and technological interaction.

    We see strong and useful parallels with the situation of workers who create their work within organisational rules but also within their wider technical, social and environmental setting.

Relation to my thesis: I plan to use pervasive games like CatchBob! as a platform for my research. Such papers on bridging games with CSCW and ubicomp legitimate my approach.

***

The paper brings forward the idea of advances in pervasive games research (mostly location-based games) as of benefit for specific mobile work where a vast site is both topic and resource to get the job done. They discuss how place-based annotations and information sharing could possibly improve individual work, collaboration as well as learning.

recent research in pervasive gaming demonstrates principles and lessons that can be applied more generally in CSCW systems for mobile work in vast work settings. There are similarities between many pervasive games and mobile work in vast settings since both have locations as resource and as topic, and more general issues to draw on with regard to how a large unfamiliar space becomes a place that one has experience of; that one understands in a social and practical way, and can interact in.

The similarities are:

Many forms of mobile work include collaboration and a focus on the geography both as a topic and a resource in the work. The size of a work site influence the way work is done. A vast work site has the consequence that, workers have to move around to handle tasks, finding colleagues to enable collaboration is difficult, organisational procedures are difficult to relate to specific local objects, movement in vehicles negatively affect possibilities to communicate with locally
available colleagues, and mobile workers become more solitary than co-located workers.
Coordination is then achieved through negotiations between different localities that take into account the changing situation in each locality


The articles gives example of collaborative activities for which space and others' location is important: snow clearance in airport + road + bus driver's.

The authors then argues that

games do not just support the use of locations as resource in mobile game play, but also establish collaboration on finding and marking locations, and building up experience and understanding of those locations fit into a larger picture of social and technological interaction. ({\ldots}) Some of the games above support context dependent gesture recognition. It
includes two dimensions of context dependence. ({\ldots}) We see strong and useful parallels with the situation of workers who create their work within organisational rules but also within their wider technical, social and environmental setting. The challenge for future research is to allow such design potential to be realised in ways that build on current work practices, and yet let
people change those practices for the better as they use our technology to go about their work in their way in their work community.

Why do I blog this? this is very close to what we think too  Our take is rather to study how players collaborate using these games so that we can understand how collaboration might be affected by location information (this is actually my phd thesis). This paper is very relevant to my phd word since it fills a kind of missing link about why using a pervasive game to inform CSCW practices.},
	Author = {M. Chalmers and O. Juhlin},
	Booktitle = {Paper presented at the workshop "Computer Games & CSCW" at ECSCW'05.},
	Date-Added = {2007-01-01 23:02:21 +0100},
	Date-Modified = {2007-01-22 23:58:16 +0100},
	Keywords = {CSCW, location-awareness, field studies, pervasive game},
	Local-Url = {file://localhost/Users/fabien/Documents/papers/NewUsesforMobilePervasiveGames050620.pdf},
	Title = {New uses for mobile pervasive games - Lessons learned for CSCW systems to support collaboration in vast work sites},
	Url = {http://www.tii.se/mobility/Files/NewUsesforMobilePervasiveGames050620.pdf},
	Year = {2005}}

@inbook{Brown:2005,
	Abstract = {While ethnographic methods are an established tool for requirements analysis in Human Computer Interaction (HCI) and Computer Supported Collaborative Work (CSCW), they have seldom been used for the design of electronic map systems. This chapter presents an ethnographic study of city tourists' practices that draws out a number of implications for designing map technologies. We describe how tourists work together in groups, collaborate around maps and guidebooks, and both `pre-' and `postvisit' places. These findings have been used in the design of the `george square' system which allows tourists to collaborate around an electronic map at a distance.},
	Annote = {http://www.girardin.org/fabien/blog/2005/08/11/designing-electronic-maps-an-ethnographic-approach/

In Designing electronic maps: an ethnographic approach, Barry Brown and Eric Laurier present and ethnographic study of the city tourists' practices that draws out a number of implications for sesingin map technologies. They suggest that there are many opportunities for mappingg systems which fit tourist practice better than existing systems.

Collaborative map use
An important par of tourism map use it sharing the use of maps with others. For this reason, maps systems which offer only a small display, or display which can only be used by one user at a time.

Combining electronic maps and guidebooks
Simply copying content into an eBook is unlikely to be successful if that content is much harder to use. One solution to this could be to produce paper maps which are designed to be used with an electronic guidebook

Supporting pre-visiting and planning
We observed that thourists frequently used maps and guides before visiting a place (pre-visiting). In this way tourists can plan what they want to do, but also can pass the time while waiting for public transport. Presenting information to tourists while they are actually at an attraction may have limited utility, since at that point the environment is likely to contain richer sources of information than can be provided by a device. Mobile system could support ``occasioned mpas''. These are maps which are drawn for a particular purpose (e.g. a shopping map when going shopping).
},
	Author = {Barry Brown and Eric Laurier},
	Date-Added = {2007-01-01 22:52:54 +0100},
	Date-Modified = {2007-01-01 22:59:03 +0100},
	Editor = {L. Meng and A. Zipf and T. Reichenbacher},
	Journal = {Map-based mobile services -- Theories, Methods and Implementations},
	Keywords = {geovisualization, maps, qualitative research methods},
	Local-Url = {file://localhost/Users/fabien/Documents/papers/mapbookFinal.pdf},
	Pages = {247- 265},
	Publisher = {Springer},
	Title = {Designing electronic maps: an ethnographic approach.},
	Year = {2005}}

@article{Schwabe:2005a,
	Abstract = {Mobile technologies offer the opportunity to embed learning in a natural environment. This paper describes the design of the MobileGame prototype, exploring the opportunities to support learning through an orientation game in a university setting. The paper first introduces the scenario and then describes the general architecture of the prototype. The main part of the paper focuses on the evaluation of design issues and the effects observed in two trials. Design issues include: Supporting work on the move poses difficult interface questions, the accuracy of current outdoor, and indoor positioning systems is still problematic and the game requires near real-time response time. The evaluation of the effects shows that features such as `map-navigation' and `hunting and hiding' lead to excitement and fun. The participants immerse into a mixed reality that augments both physical and social space. The game success is based on the motivating design of the game itself. The paper concludes with open issues for future research, especially with the need to thoroughly evaluate the learning benefits.},
	Annote = {http://www.girardin.org/fabien/blog/2005/04/17/mobile-learning-with-a-mobile-game-design-and-motivational-effects/

Mobile Learning with a Mobile Game: Design and Motivational Effects by Gerhard Schwabe, Christoph G{\"o}th at the University of Z{\"u}rich, covers many technical design issues of mobile, locative and collaborative gaming I can relate to my experience with CatchBob!: Accuracy of positioning, play on the move, offline areas and response time and interface design.

Accuracy of Positioning
As soon as the players had to know the exact position of an object, the accuracy was not sufficient. They had to search in up to three rooms to find the hidden PDA in the first trial and the participants reported difficulties catching and solving location dependent tasks in our second trial. In the second trial, the law accuracy of the location information was reported as the single most important negative aspect. There were two parts to this problem: the low precision of the location information and the representation of this low precision on screen.

Play on the move
The size of the maps does not appear to be a major problem as they covered half the PDA screen and the participants did not have problems reading when standing. Rather, they did not succeed to synchronize their heads to the movemements of the device in the hand. Furthermore the cognitive load of translating an abstract two-dimensional map to into a trhee-dimensional building was high.

Offline areas and response time
Frequent updating of position is one most important requirements of mobile games. The players waht a near real-time reaction of the client. This means, the mobile game has to have both a good caching algorithm, and an efficient data transmission strategy.

Interface design
Observatin of the players showed that navigation with the drop-down menu and using the pen of the PDA was not really intuitive. The use of the PDA was much more like the use of an ``automat''.

They discussus the effects of their design using the six structural elements that charecterise games: 1) rules, 2) goald and objectives, 3) outcome and feedback whci measure theh progress against tht goals, 4) conflicts, competition, challenge and opposition, 5) interaction, that is the social apsect in the game and 6) the representation or story exaggerating interesting aspects of reality.
},
	Author = {Gerhard Schwabe and Christoph G{\"o}th},
	Date-Added = {2007-01-01 22:42:43 +0100},
	Date-Modified = {2007-01-01 22:46:52 +0100},
	Journal = {Journal of Computer Assisted Learnin